Reseña de The Current Debate About the Origins of the Paleoindians of America.

The Current Debate About the Origins of the Paleoindians of America. de Journal of Social History Resumen del Libro

In recent years, contributions from the fields of archeology, physical anthropology, linguistics, and genetics have revolutionized the study of the origins, timing and process of human settlement in America. This re-thinking of the origins question has been based on a multi-disciplinary approach to the subject. Not only have traditional beliefs been questioned, but a far more sophisticated body of new materials has emerged to analyze the basic issues involved in determining the origins of human settlement in the Americas. From dental remains, the physical anthropologists have been able to obtain specimens that are both highly resistant to post-mortem alterations and directly related to population-specific evolutionary changes. At the same time, the study of gene frequencies and changing distributions of genetic markers among Native American populations has produced new data on historical settlement and migration patterns, which often challenge the archaeological evidence of early human migrations. In turn, this new research, much of which has occurred only in the last twenty years, has itself led to new debates and the emergence of new questions. The aim of this essay is to provide the reader with a brief guide to this literature and the questions that have been raised. The idea that the Western Hemisphere was first peopled by a migration of Asians who reached the New World via a land bridge across the Bering Straits was proposed as early as the 16th century by the Jesuit chronicler Padre Jose de Acosta. This notion did not become the dominant hypothesis, however, until the early 20th century. (1) Until well into the 19th century there was constant speculation about various migrations of Old World peoples who were supposed to have built the temples and mounds found all over the Americas. In the early decades of the 20th century, American archeologists finally began to adopt the 19th-century European model of stratigraphic superposition, or the process of dating based on specimen location in geological strata. This was the first coherent dating method available to researchers, and among the first such studies were those by Manuel Gamio in the Valley of Mexico in 1911. By the 1930s, both stratigraphic and seriation analysis, or the dating based on culture and era-specific pottery styles, had become the norm throughout the Americas, and the results quickly showed the coherent evolution of American societies. (2) Carbon-14 analysis was also added after 1949 to date artifacts emerging from the systematic exploration of numerous sites from Alaska to Patagonia.

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