A N Wilson Libros Populares

A N Wilson Biografía y Hechos

En matemáticas, particularmente en teoría de números y álgebra abstracta, el teorema de Wilson es una proposición clásica vinculada con la divisibilidad y la primalidad de números enteros. A continuación, se presenta su enunciado: La proposición recíproca también es verdadera, por lo que puede afirmarse que un número n> 1 es primo si y solo si (n− 1)! ≡ − 1 (mod n). Sin embargo, solo la implicación de arriba es conocida como teorema de Wilson (o Congruencia de Wilson). Por tanto, el teorema, probado su recíproco, proporciona una condición necesaria y suficiente para que el número entero k {\displaystyle k} sea primo.[1]​[2]​ Historia Fue atribuido a John Wilson por Edward Waring, quien en 1770 comentó acerca de que Wilson dejara anotado el hallazgo. No hay evidencia de que Wilson hubiese hallado la demostración, y ciertamente Waring no la halló. Fue Lagrange quien, en 1771 dio la primera demostración. Con toda propiedad, el teorema debe ser atribuido a Abu 'Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, llamado en Occidente Alhazen, quien lo formuló a comienzos del siglo XI. Ejemplo La siguiente tabla muestra los valores de n desde 2 a 30, (n-1)!, Y el resto al (n-1)! se divide por n. (El resto cuando m se divide por n se escribe m mod n). El color de fondo es de color rosa para los valores primos de n, color verde claro para valores compuestos. Demostración Usando aritmética modular Por contradicción, suponga que para un número p ≥ 2 que no es primo la expresión ( p − 1 ) ! ≡ − 1 ( mod p ) {\displaystyle (p-1)!\equiv -1{\pmod {p}}} se cumple. Dado que p no es primo, existe a ∈ {2, ... , p − 1} tal que a | p, es decir, mcd(a, p) ≠ 1. La expresión anterior se puede reescribir como a ⋅ α ≡ − 1 ( mod p ) {\displaystyle a\cdot \alpha \equiv -1{\pmod {p}}} siendo α = ∏ 1 ≤ k < p k ≠ a k = 1 ⋅ 2 ⋯ ( a − 1 ) ⋅ ( a + 1 ) ⋯ ( p − 2 ) ⋅ ( p − 1 ) . {\displaystyle \alpha =\prod _{1\leq k<p \atop k\neq a}k=1\cdot 2\cdots (a-1)\cdot (a+1)\cdots (p-2)\cdot (p-1).} Aprovechando el hecho de que (-1)2 ≡ 1 (mod p), se tiene que (a · α)2 ≡ (-1)2 ≡ 1 (mod p). Se deduce entonces que a2 tiene inverso multiplicativo en módulo p, lo cual no puede ser cierto pues mcd(a2, p) ≠ 1, de manera que la suposición inicial de que p no es primo es falsa. Usando teoría de grupos Esta demostración usa el hecho de que si p es un número primo, entonces el conjunto de números G = (Z/pZ)× = {1, 2, ... p − 1} forma un grupo bajo la multiplicación. Esto significa que para cada elemento a de G, hay un único inverso multiplicativo b en G tal que ab ≡ 1 (mod p). Si a ≡ b (mod p), entonces a2 ≡ 1 (mod p), que se puede factorizar en a2 − 1 = (a + 1)(a − 1) ≡ 0 (mod p), y puesto que p es primo, entonces a ≡ 1 o −1 (mod p), por ejemplo a = 1 o a = p − 1. En otras palabras, 1 y p − 1 son cada uno su propio inverso, pero para cualquier otro elemento de G hay un inverso, también en G, así que si tomamos todos los elementos de G por parejas y los multiplicamos todos ellos juntos, el producto será igual a −1 (módulo p). Por ejemplo, si p = 11, tenemos que: 10 ! = 1 ( 10 ) ( 2 ⋅ 6 ) ( 3 ⋅ 4 ) ( 5 ⋅ 9 ) ( 7 ⋅ 8 )   ≡   − 1   ( mod   11 ) . {\displaystyle 10!=1(10)(2\cdot 6)(3\cdot 4)(5\cdot 9)(7\cdot 8)\ \equiv \ -1\ ({\mbox{mod}}\ 11).\,} Las propiedades conmutativas y asociativas son usadas en el procedimiento de arriba. Todos los elementos en el producto anterior serán de la forma g g −1 ≡ 1 (mod p) excepto 1 (p − 1), que están al principio del producto. Si p = 2, el resultado es trivial e inmediato. Para demostrar el inverso del teorema (ver siguiente sección), supóngase que la congruencia se cumple para un número compuesto n, nótese entonces que n tiene un divisor propio d con 1 < d < n. Claramente, d divide a (n − 1)! pero por la congruencia, d también divide a (n − 1)! + 1, así que d divide a 1, con lo que se llega a una contradicción. Usando polinomios Sea p un número primo. Consideremos el polinomio g ( x ) := ( x − 1 ) ( x − 2 ) ⋯ ( x − ( p − 1 ) ) . {\displaystyle g(x):=(x-1)(x-2)\cdots (x-(p-1)).\,} Recordemos que si f(x) es un polinomio no nulo de grado d sobre un cuerpo F, entonces f(x) tiene un máximo de d raíces en F, y recordemos que el conjunto de todos los restos módulo un primo, con las operaciones de suma y multiplicación, es un cuerpo. Ahora, siendo g(x) f ( x ) := g ( x ) − ( x p − 1 − 1 ) . {\displaystyle f(x):=g(x)-(x^{p-1}-1).\,} Puesto que los coeficientes de mayor orden se cancelan, f(x) es un polinomio de grado p − 2 como mucho. Por tanto, si tomamos restos módulo p, f(x) tendrá a lo sumo p − 2 raíces módulo p. Sin embargo, a la vista de la definición de f(x), del pequeño teorema de Fermat se sigue que cada elemento 1, 2, ..., p − 1 es una raíz de f(x) (por lo que, a fortiori, es una raíz de f(x) módulo p). Esto es imposible a menos que f(x) sea idénticamente cero módulo p, esto es, a menos que cada coeficiente de f(x) sea divisible por p. Dado que el término constante de f(x) es justamente (p − 1)! + 1, Inverso El inverso del teorema de Wilson dice que para cualquier número compuesto n > 5, n divide a (n − 1)!. Se deja el caso n = 4, par.... Descubre los libros populares de A N Wilson. Encuentra los 100 libros más populares de A N Wilson

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Best Seller A N Wilson Libros de 2024

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    El último paciente del doctor Wilson

    Reyes Calderón

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    Professor Tim Spector

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    Robin Stevens

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    Edgar Allan Poe

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    Peter Ginn, Ruth Goodman & Alexander Langlands

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    Sarah Wilson

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    Michel-Yves Bolloré & Olivier Bonnassies

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    Jacqueline Wilson

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    Samantha Clark & Samuel Clark

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    Sara M. Barton

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    The tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson

    Mark Twain

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    Roald Dahl

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    Sara M. Barton

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    Helen Rappaport

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    Dr Marie Cassidy

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    Santa Montefiore

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    Dan Saladino

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    Bob Rotella

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    Roald Dahl

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    Emma Straub

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    The Kiss

    Santa Montefiore

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    Roald Dahl

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    The Secret Hours

    Santa Montefiore

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    The Way Up to Heaven (A Roald Dahl Short Story)

    Roald Dahl

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    I Am Brian Wilson

    Brian Wilson

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    Natascha Kampusch

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    The Paris Seamstress

    Natasha Lester

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    First Class Murder

    Robin Stevens

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    Fall of Giants

    Ken Follett

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    The French Photographer

    Natasha Lester

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    Victorious Century

    David Cannadine

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    Historias del mundo de las hormigas

    Edward O. Wilson

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    Secrets of Sand Hill Road

    Scott Kupor

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    Matilda

    Roald Dahl

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    A New Adventure

    Jacqueline Wilson & Mark Beech

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    Last Chance To See

    Douglas Adams & Mark Carwardine

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    Danny the Champion of the World

    Roald Dahl

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    The Winners

    Fredrik Backman

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    Golden Boy

    Abigail Tarttelin

    MAX WALKER BLUEEYED BOY OR GIRL NEXT DOOR?'Terrific. A poignant, brave and important book. S J WATSON'A gripping read. Tarttelin is a natural storyteller' MATT HAIG'Tarttelin bro...

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    The Hitmen

    Stephen Breen & Owen Conlon

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    A Christmas Adventure

    Jacqueline Wilson & Mark Beech

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