A N Wilson Libros Populares
A N Wilson Biografía y Hechos
En matemáticas, particularmente en teoría de números y álgebra abstracta, el teorema de Wilson es una proposición clásica vinculada con la divisibilidad y la primalidad de números enteros. A continuación, se presenta su enunciado: La proposición recíproca también es verdadera, por lo que puede afirmarse que un número n> 1 es primo si y solo si (n− 1)! ≡ − 1 (mod n). Sin embargo, solo la implicación de arriba es conocida como teorema de Wilson (o Congruencia de Wilson). Por tanto, el teorema, probado su recíproco, proporciona una condición necesaria y suficiente para que el número entero k {\displaystyle k} sea primo.[1][2] Historia Fue atribuido a John Wilson por Edward Waring, quien en 1770 comentó acerca de que Wilson dejara anotado el hallazgo. No hay evidencia de que Wilson hubiese hallado la demostración, y ciertamente Waring no la halló. Fue Lagrange quien, en 1771 dio la primera demostración. Con toda propiedad, el teorema debe ser atribuido a Abu 'Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, llamado en Occidente Alhazen, quien lo formuló a comienzos del siglo XI. Ejemplo La siguiente tabla muestra los valores de n desde 2 a 30, (n-1)!, Y el resto al (n-1)! se divide por n. (El resto cuando m se divide por n se escribe m mod n). El color de fondo es de color rosa para los valores primos de n, color verde claro para valores compuestos. Demostración Usando aritmética modular Por contradicción, suponga que para un número p ≥ 2 que no es primo la expresión ( p − 1 ) ! ≡ − 1 ( mod p ) {\displaystyle (p-1)!\equiv -1{\pmod {p}}} se cumple. Dado que p no es primo, existe a ∈ {2, ... , p − 1} tal que a | p, es decir, mcd(a, p) ≠ 1. La expresión anterior se puede reescribir como a ⋅ α ≡ − 1 ( mod p ) {\displaystyle a\cdot \alpha \equiv -1{\pmod {p}}} siendo α = ∏ 1 ≤ k < p k ≠ a k = 1 ⋅ 2 ⋯ ( a − 1 ) ⋅ ( a + 1 ) ⋯ ( p − 2 ) ⋅ ( p − 1 ) . {\displaystyle \alpha =\prod _{1\leq k<p \atop k\neq a}k=1\cdot 2\cdots (a-1)\cdot (a+1)\cdots (p-2)\cdot (p-1).} Aprovechando el hecho de que (-1)2 ≡ 1 (mod p), se tiene que (a · α)2 ≡ (-1)2 ≡ 1 (mod p). Se deduce entonces que a2 tiene inverso multiplicativo en módulo p, lo cual no puede ser cierto pues mcd(a2, p) ≠ 1, de manera que la suposición inicial de que p no es primo es falsa. Usando teoría de grupos Esta demostración usa el hecho de que si p es un número primo, entonces el conjunto de números G = (Z/pZ)× = {1, 2, ... p − 1} forma un grupo bajo la multiplicación. Esto significa que para cada elemento a de G, hay un único inverso multiplicativo b en G tal que ab ≡ 1 (mod p). Si a ≡ b (mod p), entonces a2 ≡ 1 (mod p), que se puede factorizar en a2 − 1 = (a + 1)(a − 1) ≡ 0 (mod p), y puesto que p es primo, entonces a ≡ 1 o −1 (mod p), por ejemplo a = 1 o a = p − 1. En otras palabras, 1 y p − 1 son cada uno su propio inverso, pero para cualquier otro elemento de G hay un inverso, también en G, así que si tomamos todos los elementos de G por parejas y los multiplicamos todos ellos juntos, el producto será igual a −1 (módulo p). Por ejemplo, si p = 11, tenemos que: 10 ! = 1 ( 10 ) ( 2 ⋅ 6 ) ( 3 ⋅ 4 ) ( 5 ⋅ 9 ) ( 7 ⋅ 8 ) ≡ − 1 ( mod 11 ) . {\displaystyle 10!=1(10)(2\cdot 6)(3\cdot 4)(5\cdot 9)(7\cdot 8)\ \equiv \ -1\ ({\mbox{mod}}\ 11).\,} Las propiedades conmutativas y asociativas son usadas en el procedimiento de arriba. Todos los elementos en el producto anterior serán de la forma g g −1 ≡ 1 (mod p) excepto 1 (p − 1), que están al principio del producto. Si p = 2, el resultado es trivial e inmediato. Para demostrar el inverso del teorema (ver siguiente sección), supóngase que la congruencia se cumple para un número compuesto n, nótese entonces que n tiene un divisor propio d con 1 < d < n. Claramente, d divide a (n − 1)! pero por la congruencia, d también divide a (n − 1)! + 1, así que d divide a 1, con lo que se llega a una contradicción. Usando polinomios Sea p un número primo. Consideremos el polinomio g ( x ) := ( x − 1 ) ( x − 2 ) ⋯ ( x − ( p − 1 ) ) . {\displaystyle g(x):=(x-1)(x-2)\cdots (x-(p-1)).\,} Recordemos que si f(x) es un polinomio no nulo de grado d sobre un cuerpo F, entonces f(x) tiene un máximo de d raíces en F, y recordemos que el conjunto de todos los restos módulo un primo, con las operaciones de suma y multiplicación, es un cuerpo. Ahora, siendo g(x) f ( x ) := g ( x ) − ( x p − 1 − 1 ) . {\displaystyle f(x):=g(x)-(x^{p-1}-1).\,} Puesto que los coeficientes de mayor orden se cancelan, f(x) es un polinomio de grado p − 2 como mucho. Por tanto, si tomamos restos módulo p, f(x) tendrá a lo sumo p − 2 raíces módulo p. Sin embargo, a la vista de la definición de f(x), del pequeño teorema de Fermat se sigue que cada elemento 1, 2, ..., p − 1 es una raíz de f(x) (por lo que, a fortiori, es una raíz de f(x) módulo p). Esto es imposible a menos que f(x) sea idénticamente cero módulo p, esto es, a menos que cada coeficiente de f(x) sea divisible por p. Dado que el término constante de f(x) es justamente (p − 1)! + 1, Inverso El inverso del teorema de Wilson dice que para cualquier número compuesto n > 5, n divide a (n − 1)!. Se deja el caso n = 4, par.... Descubre los libros populares de A N Wilson. Encuentra los 100 libros más populares de A N Wilson
.Best Seller A N Wilson Libros de 2024
-
El último paciente del doctor Wilson
Reyes CalderónLa jueza Lola MacHor, durante un congreso en Barcelona,recibe en su hotel un manuscrito en el que un individuo, que se hace llamar Rodrigo, le hace partícipe de su macabro experime...
-
The Golfer's Mind
Bob RotellaFor the last decade, golfers of all abilities have been drawn to the writings and teachings of Bob “Doc” Rotella. His books Golf Is Not a Game of Perfect, Golf Is a Game of Confide...
-
The Silk House
Kayte Nunn'Exquisitely written, this vivid story may just bewitch you' Woman'Utterly spellbinding' Natasha Lester'Exquisitely written, this vivid story may just bewitch you' Woman's WeeklyAn...
-
French Women For All Seasons
Mireille GuilianoThe bestselling author of French Women Don't Get Fat, Mireille Guiliano offers the perfect combination of delicious, balanced recipes.French Women Don’t Get Fat was a mouldbreaking...
-
RAW Memes
TBDRAW could fix the whole mess we're in right now. The memes herein are the sigil magick and standup comedy that could reorient both the altright and woke left to the hilarious preca...
-
The Worst Thing About My Sister
Jacqueline WilsonMarty and her sister Melissa couldn't be more different."That's the worst thing about my sister. She NEVER misses a chance to wind me up."Footballmad Marty loves her Converse and h...
-
The Diet Myth
Professor Tim Spector'The Diet Myth is fascinating, and now I'm obsessed with microbes!' Nigella LawsonWhy do most diets fail? Why does one person eat a certain meal and gain weight, while another eati...
-
Top Marks For Murder
Robin StevensThe brilliant new mystery from the bestselling, awardwinning author of Murder Most Unladylike.Daisy and Hazel are finally back at Deepdean, and the school is preparing for a most e...
-
William Wilson
Edgar Allan PoeQu’il me soit permis, pour le moment, de m’appeler William Wilson. La page vierge étalée devant moi ne doit pas être souillée par mon véritable nom. Ce nom n’a été que trop souvent...
-
Wartime Farm
Peter Ginn, Ruth Goodman & Alexander LanglandsDuring World War Two Britain had to look to the land to provide the produce it had previously shipped in from abroad, meaning huge changes on both the agricultural and domestic sce...
-
Walk Through Walls
Marina Abramović'Her bravest work of performance art to date . . . Rawly intimate' ObserverThis memoir spans Marina Abramovic's five decade career, and tells a life story that is almost as exhilar...
-
Esta vida única, preciosa y salvaje
Sarah WilsonLa ansiedad y la desconexión son consecuencias naturales de la vida moderna consumista, argumenta la escritora y periodista australiana Sarah Wilson en esta vibrante visión de cómo...
-
A Kiss From Mr Fitzgerald
Natasha LesterFrom New York Times bestselling author of The French Photographer'A glamorous, transporting read' Woman's Weekly . . .IN 1920s NEW YORK, EVERYONE IS CHASING A DREAM . . .The Roarin...
-
Dios - La ciencia - Las pruebas
Michel-Yves Bolloré & Olivier BonnassiesEn este libro se revelan, tras tres años de trabajo en colaboración con una veintena de científicos y especialistas de alto nivel, las pruebas modernas de la existencia de Dios. Du...
-
The Book of Burnout
Bev AisbettAustralia's bestselling anxiety and mental health expert, Bev Aisbett, tackles a growing mental health emergency: burnout.Burnout happens when we take on too much, when we think we...
-
Katy
Jacqueline WilsonAS SEEN ON CBBC!Inspired by Susan Coolidge's classic What Katy Did, read Jacqueline Wilson's modern day take on the story about the feisty tomboy heroine. Katy Carr is a lively, da...
-
Morito
Samantha Clark & Samuel ClarkAs the little sister of Moro, Morito has been serving delicious and innovative tapas and mezze in the heart of London’s Exmouth Market for over three years. Morito’s cracked plaste...
-
Miz Scarlet and the Vanishing Visitor
Sara M. BartonThe second book in the popular cozy mystery series laced with humor and romance…"Purely addictive. I love these books. You just can't help loving all of the characters. The stories...
-
The tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson
Mark TwainThe tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson, Mark Twain. Revised version of http://ota.ox.ac.uk/id/1650 . Pudd'nhead Wilson Mississippi writings / Mark Twain Twain, Mark, 18351910 p. 9151056 ...
-
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
Roald DahlGreetings to you, the lucky finder of this Gold Ticket from Mr Willy Wonka! Tremendous things are in store for you!Charlie Bucket's life is about to change forever, thanks to one m...
-
Miz Scarlet and the Holiday Houseguests
Sara M. BartonThe third book in the popular cozy mystery series laced with humor and romance…"A great story with returning characters. There is suspense, lots of family and real life drama. I wo...
-
Ekaterinburg
Helen RappaportA vivid and compelling account of the final thirteen days of the Romanovs, counting down to the last, tense hours of their lives.On 4 July 1918, a new commandant took control of a ...
-
Beyond the Tape
Dr Marie CassidyThe scalpel goes down. The gown is discarded. The chatter stops. Heads turn expectantly. 'Well, Doc, what happened? Have we got a murder on our hands?'For more than 30 years, bodie...
-
The Distant Shores
Santa MontefiorePure escapism on every page, The Distant Shores tells the story of a family torn apart, and the woman who will bring them back together. 'Nobody does epic romance like Santa...
-
Eating to Extinction
Dan Saladino'A book of wonders' Bee Wilson, Sunday Times Books of the YearWinner of the Wainwright Prize 2022 Eating to Extinction is an astonishing journey through the past, present and futu...
-
Golf is Not a Game of Perfect
Bob RotellaFilled with insightful stories about golf, Dr. Bob Rotella’s delightful book will improve the game of even the most casual weekend player.Dr. Bob Rotella is one of the hottest perf...
-
Revolting Rhymes
Roald DahlI bet you think you know this story.You don't. The real one's much more gory.From Jack in the Beanstalk, Goldilocks and the Three Bears to Little Red Riding Hood and the Three Litt...
-
Modern Lovers
Emma Straub'It's the beautifully drawn, vibrant characters that make this smart, compelling novel so irresistible.' Liane Moriarty From the New York Times Bestselling author of The Vacatione...
-
The Kiss
Santa MontefioreSometimes your biggest mistake can also be a blessing . . .Madison has always known she had a different father to her siblings. But it wasn’t until she turned eighteen that she lea...
-
Boy
Roald DahlPhizzwhizzing new cover look and branding for the World's NUMBER ONE Storyteller!BOY, Roald Dahl's bestselling autobiography, is full of hilarious anecdotes about his childhood and...
-
The Riviera House
Natasha LesterThe brandnew escapist summer read from the internationally bestselling author of The Paris Secret!ONE UNFORGETTABLE SUMMER WILL UNLOCK A DECADESOLD SECRET . . .'A meticulously rese...
-
The Secret Hours
Santa MontefioreThe enchanting novel from Sunday Times bestselling author Santa Montefiore‘Let the wind take me and the soft rain settle me into the Irish soil from where I came. And may...
-
The Way Up to Heaven (A Roald Dahl Short Story)
Roald DahlThe Way Up to Heaven is a brilliant gem of a short story from Roald Dahl, the master of the sting in the tail.In The Way Up to Heaven, Roald Dahl, one of the world's favourite auth...
-
I Am Brian Wilson
Brian Wilson'My life has been written about over and over again, and that's mostly okay with me. Other people can talk about my life. Sometimes they'll get it right and sometimes they'll get i...
-
3,096 Days
Natascha KampuschThe remarkable and shocking true account of the kidnap of Natascha Kampusch in 1998, who shares her deeply moving story. On 2 March 1998 tenyearold Natascha Kampusch was snatched o...
-
The Paris Seamstress
Natasha LesterTHE FRENCH PHOTOGRAPHER is now available in ebookTHE INTERNATIONAL BESTSELLER'This has to be the most beautiful book I've read in a very long time' 'The best book I have read!' 'Su...
-
First Class Murder
Robin StevensThe third instalment in the bestselling Murder Most Unladylike series; just like the iconic Agatha Christie, Hazel and Daisy have boarded the Orient Express! 'A delight . . . Haze...
-
Fall of Giants
Ken FollettKen Follett’s magnificent historical epic begins as five interrelated families move through the momentous dramas of the First World War, the Russian Revolution, and the strugg...
-
The French Photographer
Natasha LesterFrom the INTERNATIONALLY BESTSELLING author of The Paris Seamstress comes a story of courage, family and forgiveness from New York to wartorn Europe.Perfect for fans of Kate Furniv...
-
Victorious Century
David Cannadine'This is stupendous. The British nineteenth century, in all its complexity, all its horror, all its energy, all its hopes is laid bare. This is the definitive history , and will r...
-
Historias del mundo de las hormigas
Edward O. WilsonEdward O. Wilson, uno de los científicos más reputados del mundo y dos veces ganador del premio Pulitzer, nos lleva de viaje desde Mozambique a Nueva Guinea, pasando por los bosque...
-
Secrets of Sand Hill Road
Scott Kupor'Worth far more than its cover price ... I wish I’d had it available to me when I was first looking for startup funding' Eric RiesEvery startup needs capital, and ambitious startu...
-
Matilda
Roald DahlThe muchloved Roald Dahl story, updated for a whole new generation of readers with an exciting new interior design and cover look. These books gave Matilda a hopeful and comforting...
-
A New Adventure
Jacqueline Wilson & Mark BeechDiscover the Magic Faraway Tree and explore the amazing lands it can lead to, in an irresistible new story by bestselling author Jacqueline Wilson, set in this muchloved world.Milo...
-
Last Chance To See
Douglas Adams & Mark Carwardine‘Descriptive writing of a high order… this is an extremely intelligent book’ The TimesJoin Douglas Adams, bestselling and beloved author of The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, an...
-
Danny the Champion of the World
Roald Dahl"A stodgy parent is no fun at all. What a child wants and deserves is a parent who is sparky"Danny has the most marvellous and exciting father anyone ever had. He can repair any ca...
-
The Winners
Fredrik Backman'I utterly believed in the residents of Beartown, and felt ripped apart by the events in the book' JOJO MOYESWHAT DOES IT TAKE TO STAND TOGETHER? ‘It’s often said that wi...
-
Golden Boy
Abigail TarttelinMAX WALKER BLUEEYED BOY OR GIRL NEXT DOOR?'Terrific. A poignant, brave and important book. S J WATSON'A gripping read. Tarttelin is a natural storyteller' MATT HAIG'Tarttelin bro...
-
The Hitmen
Stephen Breen & Owen ConlonThe No 1 Bestseller!'A triumph' Nicola Tallant, Sunday World Crime World podcast'An incredible catalogue of mayhem ... amazing' Pat Kenny, Newstalk'Riveting' Irish TimesMeet the Wi...
-
A Christmas Adventure
Jacqueline Wilson & Mark BeechExplore the muchloved Magic Faraway Tree at the most special time of the year. This brandnew story by superstar author Jacqueline Wilson is set in the original world created by Eni...