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Benjamin Titus Roberts (1823-1893) fue un líder religioso metodista. En 1860 originó el cisma de la Iglesia Metodista Libre, de gran repercusión en países como Estados Unidos, Brasil o Japón. Biografía Formado como abogado en la Universidad Wesleyana de Connecticut, participó en 1848 en Genesee en la Conferencia de la Iglesia Metodista Episcopal del Estado de Nueva York. Se casó con Ellen Lois Stowe y tuvo siete hijos. Fue pastor y obispo de la Iglesia Metodista Episcopal. Trayectoria Durante sus estudios en la Universidad Wesleyana, Benjamin T. Roberts destacó como alumno. Allí conoció a Daniel Steele, más tarde rector de la Universidad de Siracusa, y a William C. Kendall, que pronto se convirtieron en sus colaboradores para la reforma de la Iglesia Metodista en el Conferencia de Genesee (Marston, 174). Tras su graduación, Roberts rechazó en un primer momento dirigir el Wyoming Seminary de Kingston, PA, un centro de la Iglesia Metodista Episcopal y apostó por ser admitido en la Conferencia anual de la iglesia en 1848. Su primera cita pastoral fue en Oakfield (Nueva York), seguida de la localidad de Pike (Nueva York). En 1850, Roberts fue admitido como miembro de pleno derecho en la conferencia anual y fue ordenado diácono. En 1851, fue enviado como párroco de Rushford (Nueva York). Durante estos primeros años, Roberts demostró una preocupación no solo por la abolición, sino también por los efectos destructivos de la riqueza en el Metodismo. Para Roberts y muchos otros metodistas, la jerarquía de la Iglesia Metodista (obispos y otros clérigos) estaban demasiado preocupados por el prestigio social, algo ajeno al "crecimiento en la santidad", como había enseñado John Wesley. Ante esta realidad, Roberts impulsó los valores del llamado Movimiento de Santidad, junto a personas como Phoebe Palmer. Cisma con la Iglesia Metodista Episcopal En 1852, Roberts fue ordenado "elder" y enviado a una iglesia de Buffalo, Nueva York. En Buffalo, Roberts entró en conflicto con la conferencia por el sistema "pew" , que consistíe en que las familias adineradas podían comprar y/o alquilar bancas para la adoración congregacional. Roberts y sus seguidores señalaban tres principales problemas del sistema: 1) que puso fin a la segregación de la adoración de la congregación en masculino y femenino (que el mismo John Wesley aprobó), 2) que comercializa la iglesia, y 3) que discriminaba en contra de los pobres. (Marston, 178ff.) En 1853, Roberts fue enviado a Brockport, Nueva York. En 1854, la división en la iglesia metodista era evidente. Por un lado estaban los conservadores, que favorecieron la enseñanza en los asuntos sociales y la ética personal, y que favoreció a la tradicional Metodista énfasis en la entera santificación. Por otro lado, estaban aquellos progresistas que eran favorables a una asimilación de las sensibilidades y costumbres, incluyendo una falta de énfasis en la entera santificación en favor de los más "realistas" las expectativas éticas. Estas conflicto de trasfondo burbujas a la superficie, en 1855. Leslie Ray Marston, el ex obispo de la Iglesia Metodista Libre de Norte América, describe mejor la situación: En 1857, en la Conferencia Anual de Genesee convocada en LeRoy, NY, la jerarquía eclesiástica presentó cargos contra Roberts. Todos sus intentos de apelación fueron denegados. Roberts fue declarado culpable de "conducta inmoral" (Marston, 194). Aunque formalmente estaba reprobado, Roberts fue propuesto para un nuevo cargo en Pekin, NY. La idea de la separación de la Iglesia Metodista Episcopal había entrado en la mente de algunos reformadores y ya había producido confesional descendencia, tanto en Estados Unidos y en Inglaterra. Sin embargo, Roberts trató de evitar la secesión, a la espera de que durante su período de libertad condicional para apelar su caso directamente a la Conferencia General de la cem que se celebrará en 1860. Varios "libres" iglesias Metodistas, independiente de la MEC, se formaron antes de Roberts, formación y organización de un oficial de la denominación el nombre "Metodista Libre." La Iglesia Metodista Libre Con J. W. Redfield y otros, fundó la Iglesia Metodista Libre de Norte América en 1860, durante una conferencia de su organización en Pekín, Nueva York. Ese mismo año fundó una revista, Earnest Christian. En 1866 fundó Chili Seminary en North Chili, Nueva York, que hoy se conoce como Roberts Wesleyan College en su honor. Fue superintendente general de la Iglesia Metodista Libre de 1860-93. Viajó mucho y fue un orador frecuente en las reuniones de Santidad. Roberts fue un ferviente abolicionista y, en parte, la nueva iglesia nació de su oposición a la esclavitud. Muchos de los principios de Libre Metodistas eran activos en la operación del Ferrocarril Subterráneo. Fueron muy críticos con la Iglesia Metodista Episcopal, de la que muchos de ellos habían llegado, porque no denunció la esclavitud. Bibliografía Howard A. Snyder. Populist Saints: B. T. and Ellen Roberts and the First Free Methodists. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2006). Howard Snyder’s detailed new biography views key nineteenth-century currents and events through the lives of these two extraordinary figures, who taught a "holy populism" of simplicity, justice for the common people, and radical discipleship. Snyder is professor of the history and theology of mission at Asbury Theological Seminary, Wilmore, Kentucky. Leslie Ray Marston, From Age to Age, A Living Witness: Free Methodism's First Century (Indianapolis: Light and Life Communications, 1997). Benson Howard Roberts. Benjamin Titus Roberts : a biography by his son (North Chili, New York: "The Earnest Christian" Office, 1900). W. T. Hogue, History of the Free Methodist Church, 2 vols. (Winona Lake: Free Methodist Publishing House, 1907) Rick McPeak, Earnest Christianity: The Practical Theology of Benjamin Titus Roberts, Doctoral dissertation at St. Louis University, 2001. Douglas Cullum, Rhythms of Life, Contours of Faith: Church, Home, and Society Among Early Free Methodists, Doctoral dissertation at Drew University Several of B. T. Roberts' writings are available in electronic form free to the public. One can find his Ordination of Women and First Lessons on Money, as well as links to other Roberts' and Free Methodist texts at the official website of the Free Methodist Church of North America. Look under "Resources" at the official site, found at the following HTML address: http://www.freemethodistchurch.org One can also find The Life and Works of B. T. Roberts by his son Benson H. Roberts at http://ccel.org/ccel/roberts_bh/holiness.html Enlaces externos BT Roberts Comillas, Matt Walter. Descubre los libros populares de Currents In Theology And Mission. Encuentra los 100 libros más populares de Currents In Theology And Mission
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A Theology of Justification and God's Mission.
Currents in Theology and MissionIn our current ecumenicalglobal context much has been said about the relationship between the Christian mission and the people of nonChristian cultures and religions. How do we gro...
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Practice of Missio Dei in Word and Sacrament (Essay)
Currents in Theology and MissionThe second pastoral practice describes the primary way that we become rooted in the Gospel of Jesus Christ: through word and sacrament, what Lutherans have called the means of grac...
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Toward a Christian Theology of Hospitality to Other Religions on Campus.
Currents in Theology and MissionThe need for hospitality At the very root of the Christian tradition is the biblical model and mandate to offer welcome to and share hospitality with "strangers," those who are ...
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"Drinking from the Same Wells with Orthodox and Catholics": Insights from the Finnish Interpretation of Luther's Theology (Martin Luther)
Currents in Theology and MissionA new perspective on the Lutheran doctrine of justification Traditionally, it has been claimed that the main dividing issue between Roman Catholics and Lutherans is the differin...
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Being Church Today: Living God's Mission Where We Are (Essay)
Currents in Theology and MissionFrontier living, old and new Wilhelm Loehe, founder of the institution Lit which we gather this afternoon, was apt to say, "Mission is nothing but the one church of God in motion,"...
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Thistle Flowers: Theology from the Wayside (Essay)
Currents in Theology and MissionThe thistle flower is often referred to as a symbol of austerity, but I would like to present it as the symbol of fortitude, persistence, and hope. In Norse mythology, the thistle ...
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Twenty-Five Years of Christian-Muslim Work at LSTC, 1985-2010 (Professor Harold Vogelaar's Speech at the Lutheran School of Theology) (Speech)
Currents in Theology and MissionFor we preach not ourselves, but Christ Jesus the Lord; and ourselves your servants for Jesus' sake. (2 Cor 4:5) I want to thank the organizers of this Faculty Conference for in...
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A Lutheran Theology of Praise (Essay)
Currents in Theology and MissionLutherans are perhaps known more for proclamation than for praise. The Reformation reexamined the medieval church practices, especially those which had hidden the good news of forg...
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Following Jesus in Galilee: Resurrection As Empowerment in the Gospel of Mark (Theology Studies)
Currents in Theology and MissionMark 16:18 The resurrection narrative in the Gospel of Mark is surprising not only for its abrupt ending, which has the women fleeing the tomb in amazement and awe, but also bec...
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Studying and Doing Theologies in the Life of the Churches.
Currents in Theology and MissionIntroduction Over the past one hundred years, Christianity has experienced a profound Southern shift in its geographical centre of gravity. In 1893, 80 percent of those who profess...
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A Book Worth Discussing: Leonard Hummel, Clothed in Nothingness (Clothed in Nothingness: Consolation for Suffering) (Book Review)
Currents in Theology and MissionClothed in Nothingness: Consolation for Suffering. By Leonard M. Hummel. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2004, 201 pages. Paper. $18.00. Leonard Hummel's book Clothed in Nothingness: Con...
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Telling Mark's Story of the Passion (Theology Studies)
Currents in Theology and MissionThe story of the passion is a very dangerous story. It is the culminating point of a gospel meant to free us, but often it has been used to keep the crucified peoples of our world,...
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Preaching the Mysteries of the Reign of God (Theology Studies)
Currents in Theology and MissionTo preach Christ from the Gospel of Mark is to preach paradox and mystery. If it is the case that the gospel creates a world through which we experience the reign of God, this Gosp...
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A Letter to Axel (Theology)
Currents in Theology and MissionDear Axel: You will recall that on the twentyfourth of February last you sent me an email about an exciting article you had just read in the U.S. Catholic by Brian Swimme. You w...
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Missionary Theology and Wartburg Theological Seminary.
Currents in Theology and MissionThe word "missionary" is out. Due to manifest abuses in confusing Christian evangelism with Western cultural imperialism and denominationalism, particularly through the missionary ...
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The Conversion of the Church (Theology Studies)
Currents in Theology and MissionIt is a privilege to participate in the HeinFry lectures at our ELCA seminaries. Lutherans always have had good theological seminaries with strong faculties, but now other traditio...
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Africa and Africans in the Books of Chronicles.
Currents in Theology and MissionPete Pero has been a pioneer among Lutherans of African descent in naming and claiming his spiritual and cultural heritage and in reminding us that the church transcends all cultur...
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Preaching on Acts for Mission Formation.
Currents in Theology and MissionWhen someone in the church wants to talk about mission, it's a good bet that the book of the Acts of the Apostles will soon come into the discussion. This seems natural, since Acts...
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Best Practices in the Teaching of Stewardship: The Need for Comprehensive and Effective Strategies.
Currents in Theology and MissionHow do pastors and other church leaders learn what they know about stewardship? What are seminaries teaching students about the meaning and practice of stewardship? Which are the "...
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An Intra-Lutheran Perspective on the Interreligious Movement (Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago)
Currents in Theology and MissionAppreciation The world today needs more Harold Vogelaars. Harold knows, loves, and can describe with clarity the beauty, power, and spiritual depth of the Islamic religion.
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Hospitality, Power, And Mission: A Review of the Writings and Leadership of Roger W. Fjeld.
Currents in Theology and MissionIt all began in the little town of Primghar, Iowa, where Roger Fjeld was born and grew up. Where is Primghar, anyway?, And how did this rural community shape this foundational Luth...
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Christian-Muslim Relations: Developments of 2006 in Historical Context.
Currents in Theology and MissionWhen we reflect on the present stage of ChristianMuslim relations, it seems logical to pay special attention to theological perspectives on that relationship. But we would misinter...
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Confession and Global Mission: Contextualizing Wilhelm Loehe.
Currents in Theology and MissionLutheran Theology as Troubling Field of Mission? The Lutheran contribution to mission has been oftentimes unattended. The Reformer's understanding of the missional church is not...
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Into the New Millennium: The Impact of the Academy on the Church (Diversity in the Church)
Currents in Theology and MissionIssues of race, gender, and economic and political ideologies exploded in 1968. That historic and tumultuous year included the unforgettable experiences of King, Kennedy, Resurrect...
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Building on the One Foundation--Bible: Book of Faith: Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago Seminex Reunion, June 24, 2009 (Speech)
Currents in Theology and MissionIt was about the Biblebut not only about the Bible. The issues that led to Christ SeminarySeminex, to Evangelical Lutherans in Mission (ELIM), to the Association of Evangelical Lut...
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The Hole in Our Gospel Special Edition
Richard StearnsECPA 2010 Christian Book of the Year Award Winner! What Does God Expect of Us?Is our faith only about going to church, studying the Bible, and avoiding the most serious sinsor...
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The God Who Made the World (Theology Studies)
Currents in Theology and MissionLet us recall the assignment from the Hein Fry committee: to "identify especially promising scriptural foundations on which a Lutheran theology and practice of evangelism might be ...
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The Church in Motion: Wilhelm Loehe, Mission, And the Church Today.
Currents in Theology and MissionIn recent years there has been much scholarship into those historical figures who have largely disappeared and been forgotten but who are now being retrieved so that their wisdom m...
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From Neuendettelsau to Frankenmuth: In Search of Historical Connections.
Currents in Theology and MissionWith this quotation, Hans RoeBler began his research about Wilhelm Loehe and his work on immigration to North America in the nineteenth century. It comes from a report that was wri...
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Ampersand Faith: Re-Integrating Liturgy&Life Through a Reappropriation of Mystical Theology and Praxis (Essay)
Currents in Theology and MissionIt was a conversation not meant for me to hear. Having recently received the final evaluation of their "Service Learning Projects," two of my freshman students could be heard offer...
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Precious, Inevitable Scandal: Theology of the Cross in Mark (Religious Studies)
Currents in Theology and MissionOf the four canonical narratives we call "gospels," only Mark identifies itself as "good news," or, more accurately, "the beginning of the good news." Ironically, the story of Jesu...
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Sing It!(Senior Pastor Susan K. Ericsson's Sermon at the Commencement of the Lutheran School of Theology) (Sermon)
Currents in Theology and MissionSermon from the 150th commencement of the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago May 16, 2010 Text: Acts 16:1634
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Children of Abraham, Children of God: Metaphorical Kinship in Paul's Letter to the Galatians.
Currents in Theology and MissionPete Pero has been a wonderful friend, an affirming colleague, and a powerful mentor. Most of all, his whole life has been a witness composed of pioneering efforts to overcome raci...
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Whom shall I Send, And Who will Go for US? Cross-Cultural Mission.
Currents in Theology and MissionThe ultimate in crosscultural mission occurred when "the Word became flesh and dwelt among us" (John 1: 14a). Ever since, followers of the Word have continued to cross cultural bou...
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The Old Testament and Public Theology (Critical Essay)
Currents in Theology and MissionI. What is public theology and why should we practice it? Luther sets the standard for us as a theologian who was never shy about sounding off in the public square. He exploited...
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From Honor Challenge to False Prophecy: Rereading Jeremiah 28' S Story of Prophetic Conflict in Light of Social-Science Models (Essay)
Currents in Theology and MissionThe story of Jeremiah and Hananiah is perhaps the Bible's classic narrative about prophetic conflict. Unfortunately, many readers and interpreters overlook the details in the excha...
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Necessity Is Laid on Me: The Birth of Mission in Paul (Theology Studies) (Speech)
Currents in Theology and MissionI am honored to be a speaker in the Hein Fry lectures this year, since evangelism has stepped front and center in the life of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. On May 9, ...
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Biblical Preaching in Babel.
Currents in Theology and MissionAfter the terrible attacks of September 11, 2001, someone said, "Our response to these events will be determined by the simile we choose. Is it like Pearl Harbor, or is it like the...
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He Identified with the Lowly and Became a Slave to All: Paul's Tentmaking As a Strategy for Mission.
Currents in Theology and MissionThe social background of firstcentury Christianity has received much attention recently, with many of these studies focusing on the letters from Paul to the Corinthians. Paul's ref...
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Black Theology: The Notion of Culture Revisited.
Currents in Theology and MissionThe notion of culture has been and remains one of the prominent emphases in black theology as it has emerged and continues to develop in South Africa, the United States, and variou...
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Church Discipline and Forgiveness in Matthew 18:15-35 (Essay)
Currents in Theology and MissionForgiveness is one of the foundational acts of Christian practice and theology, and nowhere is it more strongly advocated than in the Gospel of Matthew. At the same time, the Gospe...
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Church As Embodiment of Jesus' Mission (Matthew 9:36-10:39).
Currents in Theology and MissionThroughout his presidency and teaching career at Wartburg Seminary, Roger Fjeld has exhibited a passion for the church's mission and its primary task of evangelism. This article ab...
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Mission Paradigms in the Pax Americana (Pan American Missionaries)
Currents in Theology and MissionThe apostle Paul tells us that Christ died for the ungodly "at the right time" (Rom 5:6). Quoting an early Christian hymn, Paul reminds us, "For 'there is one God; there is also on...
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Jesus Christ Is His Own Rhetoric! Reflections on the Relationship Between Theology and Rhetoric in Preaching.
Currents in Theology and MissionHomiletics began in the United States when the rhetoric of the Scottish Enlightenment, with its particular way of construing the relationship between speaker, hearers, and speech, ...
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"Sung, Spoken, Lived": Worship As Communion and Mission in the Work of Wilhelm Loehe.
Currents in Theology and MissionFor Lutherans, Wilhelm Loehe, the nineteenthcentury German pastor and renewer of the church, is a seminal figure in the recovery of liturgical practice. The Lutheran confessions ma...
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An Affinity for Difference: A Theology of Power (Essay)
Currents in Theology and MissionIntroduction Difference. Difference bothers us. It troubles us if we have a "difference of opinion" with others. We might be uncomfortable if we are in settings where practices ...
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"Make Disciples"--Matthew on Evangelism (Theology Studies)
Currents in Theology and MissionMatthew's Gospel reflects a new situation in the early church when compared to Pauland that for a number of reasons. Paul wrote his letters in the decade from 5161 C.E.; Matthew wr...
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Empowerment and Discernment in Diaspora Situations--Thoughts on Theology and the Resilience of Christians in Indonesia (1) (Essay)
Currents in Theology and MissionIn today's globalized world, major world religions are paid public attention only when they trigger off global dynamics. Local faith communitiesChristian, Muslim or otherwiseand th...
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Loehe and His Coworkers in the Iowa Synod (Johann Konrad Wilhelm Loehe)
Currents in Theology and MissionIf the heartbeat of Loehe's theology is like that of the human heart, the diastolic moment is worship and the systolic moment is mission. In worship the people of God encounter Jes...
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Congregations in Mission: Rethinking the Metaphor of "Family".
Currents in Theology and Mission"One of the most enduring features of the American landscape is the steeple, a landmark signaling the presence of a congregation," writes Nancy Ammerman. (1) R. Stephen Warner adds...