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El monte Everest o Éverest[2] es la montaña más alta de la superficie del planeta Tierra,[nota 1] con una altitud de 8848,86 metros (29 032 pies) sobre el nivel del mar.[1] Está localizada en el continente asiático, en la cordillera del Himalaya, concretamente en la subcordillera de Mahalangur Himal; marca la frontera entre China y Nepal, considerada como la frontera más alta del mundo.[4] El macizo incluye los picos vecinos Lhotse, 8516 metros (27 940 pies); Nuptse, 7855 m (25 771 pies) y Changtse, 7580 m (24 869 pies). Toponimia El Everest es conocido en Nepal como Sagarmāthā (‘La frente del cielo’), en el Tíbet como Chomolungma o Qomolangma (‘Madre del universo’) y en China como Zhūmùlǎngmǎ Fēng.[5][6] En un mapa de 1733 sobre Tíbet y Bután elaborado por el geógrafo y cartógrafo francés Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville se registra el nombre tibetano de la montaña: Tchomour langmac, la representación fonética para Chomolungma.[7] A finales del siglo XIX, muchos cartógrafos europeos creían erróneamente que el nombre nativo de la montaña era Gaurishankar, que es una montaña entre Katmandú y el Everest.[8] En 1865, la Royal Geographical Society le dio al Everest su nombre occidental oficial por recomendación de sir Andrew Waugh, topógrafo general británico de la India en honor de su antecesor en el cargo, sir George Everest: Su mentor George Everest argumentó en 1857 contra de este nombre manifestando que la población local iba a tener problemas pronunciando el nombre propuesto por Waugh.[10] A pesar de sus objeciones, prevaleció el nombre propuesto por Waugh y en 1865 la Royal Geographical Society adoptó oficialmente el nombre de monte Everest para la montaña más alta del mundo.[11].[12] Curiosamente, la pronunciación actual de "Everest" (/ˈɛvᵊrᵻst/)[13] difiere de la pronunciación original del apellido de sir George Everest (/ˈiːvrᵻst/ EEV-rist).[14] El nombre tibetano para el monte Everest es ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ (AFI: [t͡ɕʰòmòlɑ́ŋmɑ̀] lit. "Madre del universo") cuya transcripción oficial en tibetano pinyin es Qomolangma. También es popularmente romanizado como Chomolungma y (en wylie) como Jo-mo-glang-ma o Jomo Langma.[19] La transliteración en chino es 珠穆朗玛峰 (t 珠穆朗瑪峰) cuya transcripción en pinyin es Zhūmùlǎngmǎ Fēng ("pico Chomolungma").[20] Con menor frecuencia, también se traduce al chino simplemente como Shèngmǔ Fēng t 聖母峰 (s 圣母峰 lit. "Pico Santa Madre"). En 2002, el periódico chino Diario del Pueblo publicó un artículo pronunciándose en contra del uso constante del nombre occidental "monte Everest", insistiendo que debería utilizarse su nombre tibetano "monte Qomolangma"[20] basado en la transcripción oficial del nombre local en dicho idioma. El periódico argumentaba que los colonizadores británicos no habían descubierto la montaña "por primera vez", ya que era bien conocida por los tibetanos y se encontraba marcada en mapas chinos desde el año 1719.[21][22] A principios de los años 1960, el gobierno de Nepal se dio cuenta de que el monte Everest no tenía nombre nepalí. Ello es así porque la montaña no era conocida ni tenía nombre en Nepal, es decir, en el valle de Katmandú y áreas circundantes, y comenzó a buscarle un nombre. El nombre tibetano (de los sherpas) no era aceptable, ya que iba en contra de la política de nepalización del país, así que se inventó uno nuevo, Sagarmatha[23] (सगरमाथा),[24] creado por Baburam Acharya. Altitud En 1856, el Gran Proyecto de Topografía Trigonométrica estableció la primera altitud publicada del Everest, conocido entonces como pico XV, en 8840 m s. n. m. La altitud oficial actual de 8848 m s. n. m., reconocida por China y Nepal, fue establecida en 1955 por un estudio indio y confirmada en 1975 por un estudio chino. En 2005, China midió nuevamente la altitud de la montaña y obtuvo un resultado de 8844,44 m s. n. m. Así se inició una discusión entre China y Nepal que duró cinco años, de 2005 a 2010. China sostuvo que la medición debía hacerse hasta la altitud de la roca, que es de 8844 m s. n. m., pero Nepal objetó que debía hacerse hasta la altitud de la nieve, que es de 8848 m s. n. m. En 2010, ambas naciones llegaron al acuerdo de que la altitud de la montaña es de 8848 m s. n. m., y Nepal reconoció la afirmación de China de que la altitud hasta la roca del Everest es de 8844 metros (con anterioridad, en mayo de 1999 un equipo estadounidense había medido una altura de 8850 metros mediante tecnología GPS).[25] Ascensión El monte Everest atrae a muchos escaladores, algunos de ellos montañeros altamente experimentados. Existen dos rutas de ascenso principales: una se acerca a la cumbre desde el sureste en Nepal (conocida como la ruta estándar) y la otra por el norte en el Tíbet. Aunque la ruta estándar no plantea retos técnicos considerables en escalada, el Everest presenta peligros tales como el mal de altura, clima y viento; así como riesgos significativos como avalanchas y el cruce por la cascada de hielo de Khumbu. Hasta el 2016, permanecen en la montaña cerca de 200 cadáveres, algunos de los cuales sirven como puntos de referencia.[26][27] Los primeros esfuerzos documentados en alcanzar la cima del Everest fueron hechos por montañeros británicos. Con Nepal prohibiendo el acceso a los extranjeros en aquel entonces, los británicos hicieron varios intentos por la ruta de la arista Norte del lado tibetano. La Primera Expedición Británica de Reconocimiento al Everest de 1921 alcanzó apenas los 7000 m s. n. m. por el collado Norte. La expedición de 1922 alcanzó 8320 m s. n. m. por la ruta de la arista Norte, la primera vez que un humano escalaba por encima de los 8000 m s. n. m. Durante el descenso por el collado Norte, la tragedia los golpeó cuando siete porteadores murieron en una avalancha. La Expedición Británica de 1924 resultó ser el mayor misterio del Everest hasta el día de hoy: George Mallory y Andrew Irvine hicieron un ataque final a la cumbre el 8 de junio, pero jamás regresaron, generando un misterio en cuanto a si fueron los primeros en alcanzar la cima. Ese día fueron vistos en lo alto de la montaña, pero desaparecieron entre las nubes y no se les volvió a ver, hasta que el cuerpo de Mallory fue hallado en 1999 a 8155 m s. n. m. en la cara Norte. Durante la Expedición Británica de 1953, Tenzing Norgay y Edmund Hillary lograron el primer ascenso oficial usando la ruta de la arista Sureste. Tenzing había alcanzado 8595 m s. n. m. un año antes, como miembro de la Expedición Suiza de 1952. El equipo de montañeros chinos compuesto por Wang Fuzhou, Gongbu y Qu Yinhua lograron el primer ascenso documentado del pico desde la arista Norte el 25 de mayo de 1960.[28][29] Descubrimiento occidental En 1802, el gobierno británico inició el Gran Proyecto de Topografía Trigonométrica de la India para determinar la ubicación, la altitud y los nombres de las montañas más altas del mundo. Empezando en el sur de la India, los equipos de reconocimiento avanzaron hacia el norte utilizando teodoli.... Descubre los libros populares de Everest Media. Encuentra los 100 libros más populares de Everest Media
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