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Nueva Caledonia (en francés, Nouvelle-Calédonie, pronunciado /nuvɛl kaledoni/; llamada «Kanaky» pronunciado /kanaki/ por los canacos) es una colectividad territorial francesa (sui géneris) formada por un grupo de islas y archipiélagos de Oceanía, ubicado en el mar del Coral y el océano Pacífico Sur. La isla principal de la colectividad es Grande Terre, de 400 km de largo y 64 km de ancho. Cerca de su extremo sur, el área urbana de la ciudad de Numea tiene dos tercios de los habitantes del territorio. Se encuentra a 1407 km al este-noreste de Australia, 1477 km al norte-noreste de Nueva Zelanda, 130 km al norte del Trópico de Capricornio, a 539 km al sur-suroeste de Vanuatu y al suroeste de Fiyi. Su territorio abarca una superficie de 18 575 km².[1]​ Nueva Caledonia tiene el estatus de colectividad sui géneris, a diferencia de la Polinesia Francesa y de Wallis y Futuna, que son colectividades de ultramar. El Acuerdo de Numea concedió a Nueva Caledonia un estatus particular en el seno de la República francesa. El 4 de noviembre de 2018 se celebró el referéndum de independencia. El "no" a la independencia obtuvo un 56,4 % de los votos, con una participación del 80,63 %. En 2020, el "no" obtuvo el 53,26 % de los votos. Y el referéndum de 2021[2]​ elevó el "no" al 96,49 % fruto de la baja participación, apenas un 44 %, tras el llamamiento a no participar por los partidarios del "sí" debido a la influencia del COVID-19. Etimología La palabra Caledonia es el nombre en latín que designaba a la región que actualmente corresponde a Escocia, en el Reino Unido, y por ese motivo el navegante británico James Cook nombró a la región recién descubierta «Nueva Caledonia». La palabra no proviene, pues, de Kanaka, un vocablo oceánico que significa «humano», usado por los habitantes del Pacífico para referirse a sí mismos, sino del latín. La palabra Kanaka deriva del hawaiano y significa «hombre» o «animal-hombre».[3]​ Sin embargo, fue este el término usado por los franceses para denominar a todos los nativos de las islas del sur del océano Pacífico, incluyendo a los melanesios de Nueva Caledonia. La palabra pasó al francés como "canaque", tomando connotaciones despectivas hasta la década de 1970, cuando tomaron fuerza los movimientos independentistas. Estos retomaron la grafía original kanak para designar a los pueblos melanesios de Nueva Caledonia, y Kanaky para designar a su tierra, dándole un sentido positivo, unificador culturalmente y de reivindicación política.[3]​ En el siglo XXI, el término kanak es el más empleado por la población autóctona. Se sigue utilizando el término «melanesio» minoritariamente, y solo para referirse a organizaciones transnacionales y a una pertenencia cultural que sobrepasa los límites nacionales.[3]​ El acuerdo de Numea, firmado el 5 de mayo de 1998 con el gobierno francés, emplea el término kanak y prevé que se vuelva a definir el nombre del país.[4]​ Historia El Océano Pacífico occidental empezó a ser poblado hace 50 000 años. Hace 5000 (ca. 3000 a. C.) los austronesios, procedentes del litoral de territorios que hoy corresponden a la China meridional, comenzaron la colonización de la isla de Taiwán y del archipiélago de las Filipinas, de donde pasaron a las Célebes y Timor. Hacia el 3000 a. C. llegaron a Nueva Guinea y desde allí hasta las Islas Salomón, Nueva Caledonia y otras zonas de la Melanesia como Vanuatu. Entre el 1300 a. C. y el 200 a. C., los austronesios desarrollaron la cultura neolítica conocida como cultura lapita. Los lapita fueron diestros navegantes y agricultores, e influenciaron gran parte de esta zona del Pacífico. A partir del siglo XI, se produce un intercambio continuo con pueblos polinesios, que se mezclaron con la población local. Los europeos divisaron las islas a fines del siglo XVIII. El explorador inglés James Cook divisó Grande Terre en 1774 y la llamó "New Caledonia", en honor a las Tierras Altas de Escocia, a las cuales los romanos llamaban "Caledonia". Balleneros británicos y estadounidenses se interesaron en Nueva Caledonia, y las tensiones por ella se incrementaron. Los europeos usaban alcohol y tabaco, entre otras cosas, para intercambiarlos por insumos. El contacto con los europeos trajo enfermedades, como la disentería, la gripe, la sífilis y la lepra. Muchos nativos murieron a causa de estas enfermedades. Las tensiones se volvieron hostilidades, y en 1849 la tripulación de un cúter fue asesinada y comida por el clan Pouma. A partir de mediados del siglo XIX, los indígenas de Nueva Caledonia, junto con los de Vanuatu, Papúa Nueva Guinea y las Islas Salomón, vieron también su población mermada debido a la práctica de la trata de esclavos, conocida como Blackbirding, que les destinaba a trabajar como esclavos en las plantaciones de azúcar en Fiyi y Queensland (Australia). El blackbirding duró hasta principios del siglo XX. Los misioneros católicos y protestantes llegaron durante el siglo XIX. Estos tuvieron un profundo impacto en la cultura indígena. Insistieron en que los nativos debían usar ropas e introdujeron el críquet y el té. También erradicaron muchas de las costumbres y tradiciones locales. Colonizada por Francia durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX, Nueva Caledonia fue convertida en posesión francesa en 1853. Sirvió como colonia penal por cuatro décadas después de 1864. Desde 1986, Nueva Caledonia reintegra la lista de las Naciones Unidas de territorios no autónomos. Agitaciones demandando la independencia por parte del Frente de Liberación Nacional Canaco y Socialista (Front de Libération National Kanak et Socialiste - FLNKS) comenzaron en 1985. El FLNKS (liderado por Jean-Marie Tjibaou, que fue asesinado en 1989) demandaba la creación del "Estado Independiente de Kanaky". Los problemas culminaron en 1988 con una sangrienta toma de rehenes en Ouvéa. Esto llevó al otorgamiento de mayor autonomía con los Acuerdos de Matignon (1988) y Numea (1998). El 4 de noviembre de 2018, se celebró un referéndum de independencia[5]​ en el cual fue rechazada la misma. Gobierno y política Junto con otros territorios de la Polinesia Francesa y Wallis y Futuna, Nueva Caledonia sigue siendo junto a la primera una de las dos colonias de República Francesa según la ONU.[6]​ Su estatus oficial es el de "Colectividad Sui Géneris" (Collectivité Sui Generis); es un estatus único dentro de la República. Nueva Caledonia fue una colonia hasta 1946; después un territorio de ultramar hasta 1999. La capital es Numea, en Grande Terre. La moneda de curso legal es el franco CFP, utilizado también en la Polinesia Francesa y en Wallis y Futuna. El estatus único de Nueva Caledonia se sitúa entre el de un país independiente y un departamento de ultramar francés. Por una parte, un Congreso de Nueva Caledonia (Congrès de la Nouvelle-Calédonie) y un gobierno han sido establecidos. Cuestiones importantes, como los impuestos, leyes laborales, salud y comercio exterior, están en manos del Congreso, y aún más facultades le serán otorg.... Descubre los libros populares de Gcse Apps. Encuentra los 100 libros más populares de Gcse Apps

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    Collins Dictionaries

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