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La segunda ola feminista se sitúa desde la referencia de los estudios feministas anglosajones entre principios de la década de 1960 hasta finales de la década de los 80 coincidiendo con el inicio del Movimiento de Liberación de las Mujeres en Estados Unidos. Según esta referencia, mientras la primera ola del feminismo anglosajón se enfocaba principalmente en la superación de los obstáculos legales (de jure) a la igualdad (sufragio femenino, derechos de propiedad, etc.) en la segunda ola del feminismo en Estados Unidos las reivindicaciones se centraban en la desigualdad no-oficial (de facto), la sexualidad, la familia, el trabajo y el derecho al aborto.[1][2] Autoras como Amelia Valcárcel o Celia Amorós sitúan la primera ola del feminismo en el feminismo ilustrado (desde la Revolución Francesa (1789-1795) hasta mediados del siglo XIX) con Olimpia de Gouges, Mary Wollstonecraft, o Poullain de la Barre que desarrollaron un pensamiento crítico-feminista en los márgenes de la Ilustración. El feminismo emerge como una vindicación transformando la teoría política señala Valcarcel.[3][4] La segunda ola del feminismo en el sufragismo, movimiento iniciado en 1848 con la Declaración de Seneca Falls con la reivindicación del derecho al voto y la reclamación de participación política hasta el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y la proclamación de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos en 1948 que reconoce el sufragio femenino como derecho universal.[5] Con esta genealogía del feminismo el Movimiento de Liberación de las Mujeres se incluiría no en la segunda sino en la tercera ola del feminismo, situada en el feminismo contemporáneo que tendría como precedente la publicación en 1963 de La mística de la Feminidad de la estadounidense Betty Friedan y que empieza a articularse en torno al 68 presentando una nueva agenda en relación con los derechos reproductivos.[6][7] En América Latina y en particular en el Cono Sur las acciones colectivas se retomaron en los años 1980 con la recuperación democrática.[8] Línea de tiempo de momentos clave El sufragio y el feminismo 1949 El segundo sexo de Simone de Beauvoir (se traduce a inglés en 1953) Finales de los 50 La sociedad comienza a saber que muchas mujeres están en desacuerdo con su estatus en la sociedad y el hecho de que la sociedad les niegue estudios o igualdad. 1960 La Food and Drug Administration aprueba las píldoras anticonceptivas, disponibles desde 1961. 1961 John F. Kennedy hace de los derechos de la mujer un tema clave de su política y nombra a mujeres como Esther Peterson en puestos de alto rango en su administración. Kennedy establece una Comisión Presidencial multidisciplinar sobre el estatus de la mujer. 50 000 mujeres en 60 ciudades se movilizan en la Huelga femenina por la paz, en protesta por los ensayos con bombas nucleares 1962 Helen Gurley Brown escribe Sex and the Single Girl. 1963 Un informe de la comisión encuentra discriminación sobre la mujer en casi todos los aspectos de la vida norteamericana y diseña estrategias para alcanzar la igualdad. Algunas de ellas son la baja por maternidad, cuidado infantil o cambios en las leyes del despido. Se publica el libro de Betty Friedan La Mística de la feminidad, una referencia para el movimiento feminista. Se convierte en un éxito de ventas. 1965 Casey Hayden y Mary King hacen circular un texto sobre sexismo en el Movimiento por los Derechos Civiles. 1966 28 mujeres entre ellas Betty Friedan, fundan la National Organization for Women (NOW) una organización por derechos civiles de la mujer. 1967 Comienzan a aparecer grupos de liberación de la mujer en todo Estados Unidos. Desde la protesta contra Miss America a la revolución 1968 Robin Morgan conduce a varios miembros de la New York Radical Women a la protesta No More Miss America por considerar a la ganadora de 1968 sexista y racista. Coretta Scott King asume el liderazgo del Movimiento pro Derechos Civiles de las Mujeres Afroamericanas tras la muerte de su marido Martin Luther King. Shirley Chisholm es elegida la primera mujer negra en el Congreso de EE. UU. 1969 Se crea la organización feminista Redstockings impulsado por Ellen Willis y Shulamith Firestone Nace New York Radical Feminists fundado por Shulamith Firestone -tras abandonar Redstockings- y Anne Koedt Hermandad es poder 1970 Kate Millett publica su libro Política Sexual. Germaine Greer publica The Female Eunuch. Sentada de protesta en el Ladies' Home Journal Jo Freeman publica La tiranía de la falta de estructuras 1975 Susan Brownmiller publica Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape. (Contra nuestra voluntad: Hombres, Mujeres y Violación). Años 1980 y pérdida de fuerza 1980 Ronald Reagan, es elegido presidente. 1981 Jimmy Carter proclama la primera Semana de la Mujer en la Historia. Jeane Kirkpatrick es la primera mujer representante de EE. UU. en la ONU. Feminismo en los años 1980 22 estados añaden enmiendas a sus constituciones para superar la desigualdad de género. Aparecen nuevas oportunidades para mujeres y una nueva generación de abogadas, ejecutivas, doctoras, profesoras, políticas, etc. Éxito A través de organizaciones como la National Organization for Women (NOW), WEAL y PCSW, la discriminación en el lugar de trabajo con la base del sexo se vuelve ilegal. El impacto de los medios de comunicación permite que el movimiento se expanda a través de artículos, periódicos, televisión, etc. Véase también Portal:Feminismo. Contenido relacionado con Feminismo. Segunda ola del feminismo en Estados Unidos Bibliografía Osgerby, Bill, Anna Gough-Yates, and Marianne Wells. Action TV: Tough Guys, Smooth Operators and Foxy Chicks. London: Routledge, 2001. Press, Andrea L. Women Watching Television: Gender, Class, and Generation in the American Television Experience. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991. ——— and Tery Strathman. "Work, Family, and Social Class in Television Images of Women: Prime-Time Television and the Construction of Postfeminism." Women and Language, 1993 Fall, 16:2, 7–15. Roth, Benita. Separate Roads to Feminism: Black, Chicana, and White Feminist Movements in America's Second Wave. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2004. William, Chafe, The American Woman: Her Changing Social Economic, and Political Roles, 1920–1970, Oxford University 1972 M. Carden, The New Feminist Movement, New York 1974 F. Davis, Moving the Mountain: The Women's Movement in America since 1960 The Second Wave: A Magazine of the New Feminism records 1971-1984 (M19) are available at Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department. The Boston Women's Music Collective records 1975-1978 (M22) are available at Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department. The Women's School (Cambridge, Mass.) records 1971-1992 (M23) are available at Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department. The Women's Educational Center (Cambridge, Mass.) records 1971-.... Descubre los libros populares de University Libraries. Encuentra los 100 libros más populares de University Libraries
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Gender Differences in Use of Electronic Resources in University Libraries of Adamawa State, Nigeria.
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction Gender differences are being discussed in academia, economy, politics, science and technology, and even religious circles. According to McGinty and Moore (2008), gende...
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Abuse of Library Materials in Academic Libraries: A Study of the University of Cape Coast Main Library (Report)
Archives and Information Science African Journal of LibraryIntroduction The threat to intellectual property through theft, mutilation and other forms of abuse has posed tremendous challenge to the library profession worldwide. According to...
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Print Serial Cancellations in University Libraries Post 1990: What Do the CAUL Statistics Reveal?(Council of Australian University Librarians)
Australian Academic & Research LibrariesThroughout the 1990s and the early part of this decade considerable attention has been given to the issue of periodical holdings in Australia's research libraries. This interest ha...
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Serials Processing Activities in Southern Nigerian University Libraries (Report)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction The users of serials in university libraries want quick access to the current information contained in serials volumes and issues. Library serials acquisitions process...
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The Challenges of Computerizing a University Library in Nigeria: The Case of Kashim Ibrahim Library, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria is one of Nigeria's first generation universities, opening its doors in 1962. Like other universities, its functions include teaching, r...
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A Survey of User Perception and Satisfaction with Reference Services in University Libraries of Punjab.
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction Despite the processing and propagation of library resources, a key trait of a university library is the services based around personal interaction between users and th...
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Retrospective Conversion in Two Nigerian University Libraries: A Comparative Study of Kenneth Dike Library and Obafemi Awolowo University Library (Report)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction Retrospective conversion has to do with change from manual to automated or computerized system. In consideration of the inefficiency, slow and inadequacy of the existi...
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Engaging with Clients and Personalising Services at UTS Library: Measuring the Value for Libraries and Their Clients (University of Technology, Sydney) (Report)
The Australian Library JournalLibraries have found themselves overtaken by commercial entities providing open, unmediated information services, causing debate about the future of libraries. It has been argued t...
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Mobile Phones for Library Services: Prospects for Delta State University Library, Abraka (Report)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction Communication is the process of exchanging information, using a common protocol. As technology develops, communication protocols also evolve. The pattern of communicat...
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Supervision of Special Collections in Federal and State University Libraries in Nigeria.
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction Management is planning, organizing, and supervising in organisations or institutions like university libraries. There are several interpretations of the term "supervis...
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Ninth House
Leigh Bardugo"The best fantasy novel I’ve read in years, because it’s about real people... Impossible to put down." Stephen KingThe smash New York Times bestseller from Leigh Bardugo, a mesmeri...
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E-Learning Through Digital Libraries: The Case of National Open University of Nigeria.
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction Electronic learning, or elearning, refers to computerenhanced learning. It also refers to research, learning, and teaching in the digital environment. Tripathi (2007) ...
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University Libraries and Digital Learning Environments
Jill Beard & Penny DaleUniversity libraries around the world have embraced the possibilities of the digital learning environment, facilitating its use and proactively seeking to develop the provision of ...
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Leadership in Academic Libraries
William G PotterHere is a fascinating firsthand perspective of the dramatic changes that have occurred in academic library administration over the past five decades. In Leadership in Academic Libr...
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Knowledge, Perception, And Attitudes of Library Personnel Towards Preservation of Information Resources in Nigerian Federal University Libraries (Report)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction Preservation of deteriorating information resources in libraries has become a global phenomenon to which libraries must aggressively respond if their mission of provid...
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The Effect of Library Policies on Overdue Materials in University Libraries in the South-South Zone, Nigeria (Report)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction The library is the symbolic heart or nerve center of academic life in any university. Rubin (1998) observes that colleges are waking up to the fact that the work of ev...
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Acceptance and Usage of Open Access Scholarly Communication by Postgraduate Students at the Sokoine University of Agriculture and the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Report)
Archives and Information Science African Journal of LibraryIntroduction Scholarly communication involves creating new knowledge, filtering quality knowledge through the peer review process and disseminating that knowledge to intended audie...
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Management of Change in Cataloguing: A Survey of Practices in Covenant University and University of Lagos, Nigeria (Report)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction The extent of the use of library resources depends greatly upon the quality of the library catalogue. Most libraries have moved away from manual cataloguing as they ha...
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Use of ICT Facilities for Serials Functions in Southern Nigeria Federal University Libraries (Information and Communication Technologies) (Report)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction User expectation from any information providing system is to make available directly or remotely and in real time the needed information, format not withstanding. In t...
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Database Searching in Central University Libraries in India.
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction In consequence of the recommendation of the National Knowledge Commission (NKC, 20052008), each of the Indian states has at least one fullyfunded central university. N...
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Physical Facilities As Determinants of Undergraduate Students' Use of Federal University Libraries in Nigeria.
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction University libraries are those academic libraries established in the university environment to promote research, teaching and learning activities in the parent institu...
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Students Use of Academic Libraries in Nigeria: A Case of Obafemi Awolowo University Library, Ile-Ife (Report)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction One of the objectives of setting up a university is to encourage and promote scholarship and conduct research in all field of learning and human endeavour. The three m...
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Newspaper Reading Habits of University Students: A Case Study of Chaudhary Charan Singh University, India (Report)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction Newspapers help to improve reading habits, knowledge, and awareness. They can be part of good study habits for students in any area of specialization. India is a devel...
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Factors Affecting Student Use of Information Technology: A Comparative Study of Federal University of Technology, Owerri and Niger Delta University, Amazoma.
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction The factors that affect the use of information technology by students in Nigerian University libraries varies from availability of resources and materials, management ...
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Computer Anxiety As Predictor of Librarians' Perceived Ease of Use of Automated Library Systems in Nigerian University Libraries (Report)
Archives and Information Science African Journal of LibraryIntroduction In this age of globalization, the importance of information technologies cannot be overemphasized. The university library occupies a significant position in every univ...
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ICT Availability in Niger Delta University Libraries (Information and Communication Technology) (Report)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction In this age of globalization, the importance of information and communication technology (ICT) to people generally and students in particular cannot be overemphasized....
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Theft of Law Books in Nigerian University Law Libraries: An Investigative Study (Report)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction The university library supports teaching, research, dissemination of information, and community service. University law library may be part of university libraries or ...
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International Students' Experiences of University Libraries and Librarians (Report)
Australian Academic & Research LibrariesINTRODUCTION International students studying in Australian universities have varying experiences of libraries and librarians. Their transition to studying at their host university ...
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Australian University Libraries: Collections Overlap Study.
The Australian Library JournalIn 2002, the Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST), Higher Education Information Infrastructure Advisory Committee commissioned the National Library of Australia to ...
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Availability and Use of Icts in Collection Management in University and Special Libraries in the Niger-Delta Region, Nigeria (Information and Communication Technologies) (Report)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction This study investigates the availability and use of Information and communication technologies (ICTs) in collection management in university and special libraries in t...
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Use of Internet Services in Ghanaian University Libraries (Short Communications) (Report)
Archives and Information Science African Journal of LibraryIntroduction University libraries in Ghana, like in most other African countries, usually face challenges in gaining adequate access to global scientific and research literature...
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Academic Status and the Doctoral Degree Requirement for Promotion of Librarians in Nigerian University Libraries (Report)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction Librarianship is an academic profession. The stockintrade is knowledge: the selection, collection, organization, and transmission of knowledge. It has many things in c...
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University Libraries and Space in the Digital World
Graham Walton & Graham MatthewsThis timely book addresses physical space in university libraries in the digital age. It considers the history of the use of space, integrates case studies from around the world wi...
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Perceptions by Undergraduate Students of the Environmental Conditions and Resources Availability in Selected University Libraries in Nigeria (Report)
Archives and Information Science African Journal of LibraryIntroduction The main objectives of universities are to promote learning by students and improve human knowledge through research. A university library is the focal point of academ...
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Faculty Expectations of Libraries: A Comparative Study of Covenant University and the University of Lagos (Report)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction The information explosion occasioned by information and communication technologies poses the challenge of satisfying user expectations. According to Aina (2004), a lib...
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Assessing Faculty Use of University Library Collection and Services in Nigeria: A Case of Covenant University, Ota (Report)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction A university library is a part of a university organization which aims at the advancement of the functions of its parent body. Kumar (2006) asserts that a university i...
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The State of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Nigerian University Libraries: The Experience of Ibrahim Babangida Library, Federal University of Technology, Yola (Report)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction Information and Communication Technology (ICT), is a composite term, which embodies three important concepts. To understand ICT, one must understand all three concepts...
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Babel
R.F. KuangTHE #2 SUNDAY TIMES AND #1 NYT BESTSELLER‘One for Philip Pullman fans’THE TIMES‘This one is an automatic buy’GLAMOUR‘Ambitious, sweeping and epic’EVENING STANDARD‘Razorsharp’DAILY ...
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Post-Ume Screening Examination in Nigerian Universities: The University of Education, Ikere-Ekiti (Tunedik) Experience (Universities Matriculation Examination) (Report)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction Like other countries, Nigeria has a body that regulates educational qualifying examinations. Four prominent public examination bodies in Nigeria are the Joint Admissio...
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Automation of University Libraries: A Comparative Analysis of Islamabad and Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa, Pakistan.
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction The rapid growth and uses of emerging technologies has changed the traditional library into automated, electronic, virtual and digital library. This revolution has com...
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An Assessment of the Impact of Nigerian Book Foundation (NBF) on the Development of Library Collections in Private University Libraries in South-West Geo-Political Zone of Nigeria (Report)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction Library collection development is the process of planning and acquiring a library materials. It happens over a period of years and is based on ongoing assessment of th...
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The Impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Nigerian University Libraries (Report)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction With the invention of Information and Communication Technology, libraries now use various types of technologies to aid the services they render. Everyday new technolog...
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The Impact of Self-Efficacy and Prior Computer Experience on the Creativity of New Librarians in Selected Universities Libraries in Southwest Nigeria.
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction The continuing explosion of information, as well as continuing developments in information technology, mean that organizations continue to look for employees who are c...
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African University Libraries and Internet Connectivity: Challenges and the Way Forward.
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction Universities play an important national role in Africa. They are frequently the most effectively performing institutions in their countries. As a result, Universities ...
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Theft of Law Books in Nigerian University Law Libraries: An Investigative Study (Report)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction The university library supports teaching, research, dissemination of information, and community service. University law library may be part of university libraries or ...
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Automation in Two Nigerian University Libraries (Report)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction The use of computers in libraries and information centers has become commonplace. Many Nigerian university libraries, however, are still battling to find their feet in...
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A SWOT Analysis of the University Library of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Library, Umudike, Nigeria (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction Universities are important agents for national development, producing human resources needed for social, economic, and political progress. Universities render essentia...
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Size and Quality of Information Sources and the Use of Library Services in a University Library (Report)
Library Philosophy and PracticeIntroduction Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike (Established 1994) was established to impart education in agriculture and related fields, and for advancement of learn...
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British University Libraries
Toby BurrowsBritish university libraries face major financial, technological, and organizational challenges. Cuts in funding, the spread of new technology, and changes to the provision of univ...
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Resource Sharing Among Nigerian University Law Libraries: A State of the Art (Report)
Archives and Information Science African Journal of LibraryAbstract This study investigates the state of the art in resource sharing among law libraries in Nigerian universities. The survey research design was adopted for the study. Cop...