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Christine Pope Biography & Facts
The pound or pound-mass is a unit of mass used in both the British imperial and United States customary systems of measurement. Various definitions have been used; the most common today is the international avoirdupois pound, which is legally defined as exactly 0.45359237 kilograms, and which is divided into 16 avoirdupois ounces. The international standard symbol for the avoirdupois pound is lb; an alternative symbol (when there might otherwise be a risk of confusion with the pound-force) is lbm (for most pound definitions), # (chiefly in the U.S.), and ℔ or ″̶ (specifically for the apothecaries' pound). The unit is descended from the Roman libra (hence the abbreviation "lb"). The English word pound is cognate with, among others, German Pfund, Dutch pond, and Swedish pund. These units are now designated as historical and are no longer in common usage, being replaced by the metric system. Usage of the unqualified term pound reflects the historical conflation of mass and weight. This accounts for the modern distinguishing terms pound-mass and pound-force. Etymology The word 'pound' and its cognates ultimately derive from a borrowing into Proto-Germanic of the Latin expression libra pondo ('the weight measured in libra'), in which the word pondo is the ablative singular of the Latin noun pondus ('weight'). Current use The United States and the Commonwealth of Nations agreed upon common definitions for the pound and the yard. Since 1 July 1959, the international avoirdupois pound (symbol lb) has been defined as exactly 0.45359237 kg.In the United Kingdom, the use of the international pound was implemented in the Weights and Measures Act 1963. The yard or the metre shall be the unit of measurement of length and the pound or the kilogram shall be the unit of measurement of mass by reference to which any measurement involving a measurement of length or mass shall be made in the United Kingdom; and- (a) the yard shall be 0.9144 metre exactly; (b) the pound shall be 0.45359237 kilogram exactly. An avoirdupois pound is equal to 16 avoirdupois ounces and to exactly 7,000 grains. The conversion factor between the kilogram and the international pound was therefore chosen to be divisible by 7 with a terminating decimal representation, and an (international) grain is thus equal to exactly 64.79891 milligrams. In the United Kingdom, the process of metrication and European units of measurement directives were expected to eliminate the use of the pound and ounce, but in 2007 the European Commission abandoned the requirement for metric-only labelling on packaged goods there, and allowed for dual metric–imperial marking to continue indefinitely. When used as a measurement of body weight, it is common practice in the United Kingdom outside of medical settings to use the stone (1 stone = 14 pounds) as the primary measure e.g. "11 stone 4 pounds", rather than "158 pounds" (as done in the United States), or "72 kilograms" as used elsewhere. In the United States, the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 declared the metric system to be the "preferred system of weights and measures" but did not suspend use of United States customary units, and the United States is the only industrialised country where commercial activities do not predominantly use the metric system, despite many efforts to do so, and the pound remains widely used as one of the key customary units. Historical use Historically, in different parts of the world, at different points in time, and for different applications, the pound (or its translation) has referred to broadly similar but not identical standards of mass or force. Roman libra The libra (Latin for 'scale'/'balance') is an ancient Roman unit of mass that is now equivalent to 328.9 g (11.60 oz). It was divided into 12 unciae (singular: uncia), or ounces. The libra is the origin of the abbreviation for pound, "lb". In Britain A number of different definitions of the pound have historically been used in Britain. Among these are the avoirdupois pound, which is the common pound used for weights, and the obsolete tower, merchants' and London pounds. The troy pound and ounce remain in use only for the weight of precious metals, especially in their trade. The weights of traded precious metals, such as gold and silver, are normally quoted just in ounces (e.g. "500 ounces") and, when the type of ounce is not explicitly stated, the troy system is assumed. The pound sterling money system, which was introduced during the reign of King Offa of Mercia (757–96), was based originally on a Saxon pound of silver. After the Norman conquest the Saxon pound was known as the tower pound or moneyer's pound. In 1528, during the reign of Henry VIII, the coinage standard was changed by parliament from the tower pound to the troy pound. Avoirdupois pound The avoirdupois pound, also known as the wool pound, first came into general use c. 1300. It was initially equal to 6,992 troy grains. The pound avoirdupois was divided into 16 ounces. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, the avoirdupois pound was redefined as 7,000 troy grains. Since then, the grain has often been an integral part of the avoirdupois system. By 1758, two Elizabethan Exchequer standard weights for the avoirdupois pound existed, and when measured in troy grains they were found to be of 7,002 grains and 6,999 grains. Imperial Standard Pound In the United Kingdom, weights and measures have been defined by a long series of Acts of Parliament, the intention of which has been to regulate the sale of commodities. Materials traded in the marketplace are quantified according to accepted units and standards in order to avoid fraud. The standards themselves are legally defined so as to facilitate the resolution of disputes brought to the courts; only legally defined measures will be recognised by the courts. Quantifying devices used by traders (weights, weighing machines, containers of volumes, measures of length) are subject to official inspection, and penalties apply if they are fraudulent. The Weights and Measures Act 1878 marked a major overhaul of the British system of weights and measures, and the definition of the pound given there remained in force until the 1960s. The pound was defined thus (Section 4) "The ... platinum weight ... deposited in the Standards department of the Board of Trade ... shall continue to be the imperial standard of ... weight ... and the said platinum weight shall continue to be the Imperial Standard for determining the Imperial Standard Pound for the United Kingdom". Paragraph 13 states that the weight in vacuo of this standard shall be called the Imperial Standard Pound, and that all other weights mentioned in the act and permissible for commerce shall be ascertained from it alone. The First Schedule of the Act gave more details of the standard pound: it is a platinum cylinder nearly 1.35 inches (34 mm) high, and 1.15 inches (29 mm) diameter, and the edges are carefully rounded off. It has a groove.... Discover the Christine Pope popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Christine Pope books.
Best Seller Christine Pope Books of 2024
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Wish Upon a Star
Christine PopeWhen her dream unravels, he’ll give what’s left of his powers to keep it together.After God hung the “closed” sign on Hell’s gates, exdemon Belial got a new name and a new job desc...
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Caffeine Before Curses
Christine PopeWhen a movie shoot ends in murder, a caffeine fix might be the star’s only hope.Skye O’Malley’s grandmother always told her she inherited the Sight. But other than an occasional me...
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Brew Confessions
Christine PopeIt’s all hops and holidays until somebody’s murdered in the beer tank…When Josie bursts into Selena’s shop with a sparkly new publicity idea a craft brew competition to promote th...
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Cauldrons and Cats
Christine PopeEx marks the murder scene…or does it?New relationships can be fraught with emotional missteps. Charity Hughes’s awkward encounter with Shelby Howard, Noah Jenkins’s ex, at his fron...
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Lost and Found
Christine PopeUnlocking her family secrets could be a doubleedged sword…Magic isn’t one size fits all. Every family has its own unique brand, so it helps to know your family history. Mine? It’s ...
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Finding Destiny
Christine PopeFamily ties can heal the past. Or drag you straight to hell…Isaac Zamora, my significant other and a talented user of magic, insists I’m a powerful witch. But when my biograndmothe...
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Sugar Skulls and Specters
Christine PopeThe Day of the Dead is a sweet celebration…until a real ghost starts getting salty.As the town of Las Vegas, New Mexico, prepares to jump on the Day of the Dead bandwagon, Skye O’M...
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Eclairs and Ectoplasm
Christine PopeSecrets are not like fine wine. They don’t get better with age.As a hot, dry summer holds its breath in anticipation of monsoon season, things are pretty quiet in Skye O’Malley’s c...
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Wandering Monsters
Christine PopeTo save her wedding date, Selena must prove her fiancé’s innocence…and find a murderer.Wedding bells are ringing soon for Selena Marx and Calvin Standingbear, so with her plate alr...
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Spell Check
Christine PopeIt’s the murder investigation of Selena’s life…but this time she’s flying blind.Selena’s pregnancy is progressing without a hitch. Well, just one. Her aurareading gift has disappea...
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Spells and Spaniels
Christine PopeSomething’s got a spaniel familiar’s tongue…and it isn’t a cat.Charity Hughes is the first witch in more than a century to possess a gift like hers. She’s a “familiar whisperer” s...
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Muffins After Magic
Christine PopeWhen a witch changes lanes without signaling, the result is magical mayhem…It’s not a date. At least, that’s what Skye O’Malley tells herself when Alist actor Max Sullivan invites ...
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Wedding Cakes and Wishes
Christine PopeWill their love story end with wedding bells…or unravel in the face of dark magic?Skye O’Malley’s wedding is just around the corner, but her love story is about to take an otherwor...
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Grave Mistake
Christine PopeWhen you pull up stakes, make sure you don’t get stabbed in the back. Selftaught in the arcane arts, hedgewitch Selena Marx is comfortable doing divination for West Los Angeles’ a...
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Prophet Motive
Christine PopeThe perfect Thanksgiving recipe for disaster means, motive…and opportunity.As the Thanksgiving holiday approaches, Selena finds herself soothing the nerves of her friend Josie, wh...
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Hexes and Hedgehogs
Christine PopeSalem…the place where magic and mayhem meet.Charity Hughes is facing a twistier, turnier puzzle than ever before. As a witch with a peculiar talent for communicating with familiars...
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Ballroom Bits
Christine PopeWaltz, tango, foxtrot…murder?Not much has changed about Selena’s fussy, finicky, magical talking cat, Archie. Except now, instead of roaming Globe’s streets and alleys on four feet...
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Smoke and Mirrors
Christine PopeWhen the truth burns all her illusions away, only one man can break her fall.A few months ago, Skyler Fields didn’t believe witches were real. Until she was kidnapped and held pris...
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Pastries and Prophecies
Christine PopeWhen the past blows into town, a witch goes along for the ride.Surprises aren’t Skye O’Malley’s favorite thing, but this gloomy February is full of them. Fix My Town, a reality ren...
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Christine Henseler y Randolph Pope, Generation X Rocks. Contemporary Peninsular Fiction, Film, And Rock Culture
Anales de la Literatura Espanola ContemporaneaChristine Henseler y Randolph Pope, Generation X Rocks. Contemporary Peninsular Fiction, Film, and Rock Culture. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2007, 254 pp. En la Gene...
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Finders, Keepers
Christine PopeIt’s tough for Penny to put the past to rest when it shows up dead in her living room…A few weeks ago, I discovered I’m a lodestone a rare type of witch who attracts the things I ...