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The subjunctive is one of the three (or five) moods that exist in the Spanish language. It usually appears in a dependent clause separated from the independent one by the complementizer que ("that"), but not all dependent clauses require it. When the subjunctive appears, the clause may describe necessity, possibility, hopes, concession, condition, indirect commands, uncertainty, or emotionality of the speaker. The subjunctive may also appear in an independent clause, such as ones beginning with ojalá ("hopefully"), or when it is used for the negative imperative. A verb in this mood is always distinguishable from its indicative counterpart by their different conjugation. The Spanish subjunctive mood descended from Latin, but is morphologically far simpler, having lost many of Latin's forms. Some of the subjunctive forms do not exist in Latin, such as the future, whose usage in modern-day Spanish survives only in legal language and certain fixed expressions. However, other forms of the subjunctive remain widely used in all dialects and varieties, although it is common to substitute the subjunctive with the indicative in informal language. There are two types of subjunctive conjugation of regular verbs, one for verbs whose infinitive ends in -er or -ir and another for verbs whose infinitive ends in -ar. Overview Spanish, also referred to as Castilian to differentiate it from other languages spoken in Spain, is an Indo-European language of the Italic branch. Belonging to the Romance family, it is a daughter language of Latin, evolving from its popular register that used to be spoken on the Iberian Peninsula. As Spain's influence grew through colonialism, the language spread outside Europe, particularly in the Americas. Contacts with other languages throughout its history have yielded many dialects and varieties with unique vocabulary and grammar. As of 2023, almost 600 million people speak Spanish, making it the fourth-most-spoken language, after English, Mandarin Chinese, and Hindi, and the most-spoken Romance language in the world. Spanish grammar is typical to that of most Indo-European languages, with verbs undergoing complex patterns of conjugation. Compared to Latin, Spanish has a far simpler nominal morphology, with no distinction of case in any parts of speech except pronouns. The three genders of Latin were simplified into two (masculine and feminine), with neuter disappearing in all but demonstratives, pronouns, and articles; unlike the other two, the neuter refers to abstract ideas or concepts, when there is no noun being referred to, and is modified by the masculine singular of an adjective, such as lo bueno ("the good [thing/aspect]"). The complexity of Spanish grammar is found primarily in verbs. Inflected forms of a Spanish verb contain a lexical root, a theme vowel, and inflection; for example, the verb cantar ("to sing") becomes cantamos ("we sing") in its first-person plural, present indicative form. Verbs inflect for tense, number, person, mood, aspect, voice, and gender. Spanish also features the T–V distinction, the pronoun that the speaker uses to address the interlocutor – formally or informally – leading to the increasing number of verb forms. Most verbs have regular conjugation, which can be known from their infinitive form, which may end in -ar, -er, or -ir. However, some are irregular, despite their infinitive having one of these endings, and knowing how to conjugate them is a matter of memorization. Terminology Constituting one of the grammatical categories of Spanish, mood indicates modality, that is, the way a hypothetical or desired situation is expressed in a language. There are three to five moods in Spanish, among which is the subjunctive, which occurs in dependent clauses and, sometimes, in independent clauses to describe at least one of the following expressions: necessity, possibility, hopes, concession, condition, indirect commands, uncertainty, and emotionality. It also occurs after several conjunctions, even though they may not have one of these nuances. Some verbs trigger only the subjunctive; for the others, a change of meaning may happen when one substitutes the subjunctive verb of a dependent clause with an infinitive one. There has been disagreement among linguists as to how the subjunctive mood should be defined. In the view of Spanish linguist Emilio Alarcos Llorach, it indicates the fictitious or unreal nature of the verbal root from which a form conjugated in this mood derives. He adds that the subjunctive is the marked form of the indicative. Another linguist, María Ángeles Sastre Ruano, similarly calls the subjunctive "the mode of virtuality, of hypothesis, of subjective assessment of reality", contrasting it with the indicative that is "of factuality and of objective imposition of phenomena". In his monograph on the subjunctive, University of Delaware professor Hans-Jörg Busch argues that the mood lacks meaning at all, and that focus be given more on recognizing when it appears than questioning its semantic values. Miguel Duro Moreno of the University of Málaga states that the subjunctive is to be used when the action is no more than the product of the speaker's mental attitude towards it. A specialist of Romance linguistics, John N. Green, notes that opinions are polarized between linguists who argue for its recognition as a separate category and those who see it merely as a marker of subordination. He concludes that it is difficult to arrive on a uniform meaning of the subjunctive, and that defining it simply as a mood of uncertainty is unable to cover all of its functions. The Spanish translation of "subjunctive" is subjuntivo, deriving from the Latin modus subiunctīvus ("subjoined mood"), a loan translation of the Greek ῠ̔ποτᾰκτῐκή ἔγκλισις (hupotaktikḗ énklisis, "subordinated mood"). Linguists of Spanish have also referred to the subjunctive mood by other names, such as "the mood of non-reality" ("el modo de la no-realidad"), "the mood of uncertainty" ("el modo de la incertidumbre"), "the mood of subjectivity" ("el modo de la subjetividad"), and "the mood of indefinite futurity" ("el modo de la futuridad indefinida"). Usage The subjunctive is almost always found in a subordinate clause, whereas in the main clause, the indicative is used. In a sentence in which two clauses are present, the complementizer que ("that") is inserted to separate them. Sometimes the word is omitted if the subjunctive is in the second clause, although this practice is limited to official language, such as in business letters. The verb of the second clause is either in the indicative or the subjunctive, depending on the one in the main clause; if the latter is of saying, thinking, or believing, the indicative is usually preferred, while if it is of an emotional state, such as volition, exhortation, demand, or fear, the subjunctive is. However, this is not true in all cases; verbs of belief trigger the subjunctive when they are negat.... Discover the Christopher Pountain Juan Kattan Ibarra popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Christopher Pountain Juan Kattan Ibarra books.