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PCI Express (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express), officially abbreviated as PCIe or PCI-e, is a high-speed serial computer expansion bus standard, designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X and AGP bus standards. It is the common motherboard interface for personal computers' graphics cards, sound cards, hard disk drive host adapters, SSDs, Wi-Fi and Ethernet hardware connections. PCIe has numerous improvements over the older standards, including higher maximum system bus throughput, lower I/O pin count and smaller physical footprint, better performance scaling for bus devices, a more detailed error detection and reporting mechanism (Advanced Error Reporting, AER), and native hot-swap functionality. More recent revisions of the PCIe standard provide hardware support for I/O virtualization. The PCI Express electrical interface is measured by the number of simultaneous lanes. (A lane is a single send/receive line of data, analogous to a "one-lane road" having one lane of traffic in both directions.) The interface is also used in a variety of other standards — most notably the laptop expansion card interface called ExpressCard. It is also used in the storage interfaces of SATA Express, U.2 (SFF-8639) and M.2. Format specifications are maintained and developed by the PCI-SIG (PCI Special Interest Group) — a group of more than 900 companies that also maintains the conventional PCI specifications. Architecture Conceptually, the PCI Express bus is a high-speed serial replacement of the older PCI/PCI-X bus. One of the key differences between the PCI Express bus and the older PCI is the bus topology; PCI uses a shared parallel bus architecture, in which the PCI host and all devices share a common set of address, data, and control lines. In contrast, PCI Express is based on point-to-point topology, with separate serial links connecting every device to the root complex (host). Because of its shared bus topology, access to the older PCI bus is arbitrated (in the case of multiple masters), and limited to one master at a time, in a single direction. Furthermore, the older PCI clocking scheme limits the bus clock to the slowest peripheral on the bus (regardless of the devices involved in the bus transaction). In contrast, a PCI Express bus link supports full-duplex communication between any two endpoints, with no inherent limitation on concurrent access across multiple endpoints. In terms of bus protocol, PCI Express communication is encapsulated in packets. The work of packetizing and de-packetizing data and status-message traffic is handled by the transaction layer of the PCI Express port (described later). Radical differences in electrical signaling and bus protocol require the use of a different mechanical form factor and expansion connectors (and thus, new motherboards and new adapter boards); PCI slots and PCI Express slots are not interchangeable. At the software level, PCI Express preserves backward compatibility with PCI; legacy PCI system software can detect and configure newer PCI Express devices without explicit support for the PCI Express standard, though new PCI Express features are inaccessible. The PCI Express link between two devices can vary in size from one to 16 lanes. In a multi-lane link, the packet data is striped across lanes, and peak data throughput scales with the overall link width. The lane count is automatically negotiated during device initialization and can be restricted by either endpoint. For example, a single-lane PCI Express (x1) card can be inserted into a multi-lane slot (x4, x8, etc.), and the initialization cycle auto-negotiates the highest mutually supported lane count. The link can dynamically down-configure itself to use fewer lanes, providing a failure tolerance in case bad or unreliable lanes are present. The PCI Express standard defines link widths of x1, x2, x4, x8, and x16. Up to and including PCIe 5.0, x12, and x32 links were defined as well but never used. This allows the PCI Express bus to serve both cost-sensitive applications where high throughput is not needed, and performance-critical applications such as 3D graphics, networking (10 Gigabit Ethernet or multiport Gigabit Ethernet), and enterprise storage (SAS or Fibre Channel). Slots and connectors are only defined for a subset of these widths, with link widths in between using the next larger physical slot size. As a point of reference, a PCI-X (133 MHz 64-bit) device and a PCI Express 1.0 device using four lanes (x4) have roughly the same peak single-direction transfer rate of 1064 MB/s. The PCI Express bus has the potential to perform better than the PCI-X bus in cases where multiple devices are transferring data simultaneously, or if communication with the PCI Express peripheral is bidirectional. Interconnect PCI Express devices communicate via a logical connection called an interconnect or link. A link is a point-to-point communication channel between two PCI Express ports allowing both of them to send and receive ordinary PCI requests (configuration, I/O or memory read/write) and interrupts (INTx, MSI or MSI-X). At the physical level, a link is composed of one or more lanes. Low-speed peripherals (such as an 802.11 Wi-Fi card) use a single-lane (x1) link, while a graphics adapter typically uses a much wider and therefore faster 16-lane (x16) link. Lane A lane is composed of two differential signaling pairs, with one pair for receiving data and the other for transmitting. Thus, each lane is composed of four wires or signal traces. Conceptually, each lane is used as a full-duplex byte stream, transporting data packets in eight-bit "byte" format simultaneously in both directions between endpoints of a link. Physical PCI Express links may contain 1, 4, 8 or 16 lanes.: 4, 5 Lane counts are written with an "x" prefix (for example, "x8" represents an eight-lane card or slot), with x16 being the largest size in common use. Lane sizes are also referred to via the terms "width" or "by" e.g., an eight-lane slot could be referred to as a "by 8" or as "8 lanes wide." For mechanical card sizes, see below. Serial bus The bonded serial bus architecture was chosen over the traditional parallel bus because of the inherent limitations of the latter, including half-duplex operation, excess signal count, and inherently lower bandwidth due to timing skew. Timing skew results from separate electrical signals within a parallel interface traveling through conductors of different lengths, on potentially different printed circuit board (PCB) layers, and at possibly different signal velocities. Despite being transmitted simultaneously as a single word, signals on a parallel interface have different travel duration and arrive at their destinations at different times. When the interface clock period is shorter than the largest time difference between signal arrivals, recovery of the transmitted word is no longer possible. Since timing skew over a parallel bus can amount to a few na.... Discover the Express Reads popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Express Reads books.
Best Seller Express Reads Books of 2024
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The House of Lurking Death
Agatha ChristieThrowing on an almost convincing French accent, Tommy is determined to act the Great Detective Hanaud to his and Tuppence’s latest, lovely client. Miss Hargreaves has recently rece...
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The Moon-Spinners
Mary StewartTransport yourself to the idyllic hills of midcentury Crete in this tale of peril and intrigue, from the original queen of romantic suspense and author of Madam, Will You Talk? 'Ma...
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Thunder on the Right
Mary StewartFrom the original queen of the pageturner and author of Madam, Will You Talk? comes a thrilling tale set in a France as beautiful as it is deadly, perfect for fans of Agatha Chris...
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Resurrection Express
Stephen RomanoThe “cinematic, hyperkinetic, actionpacked” (Jeff Abbott) thriller and “a mustread for followers of Andrew Vachss and Charlie Huston” (Booklist, starred review).There is no code El...
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Bergdorf Blondes
Plum SykesNew York Times Bestseller“Into the blender go Anita Loos, Bridget Jones, Sex and the City, and Clueless; out comes a diabolically amusing concoction.” ...
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The Price You Pay
Somnath BatabyalWhen Abhishek Dutta wanders into the offices of The Express, he is just another smalltown boy looking for means to survive the big city. Crime reporting in Delhi, however, was...
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J. R. R. Tolkien
Mark HorneJ. R. R. Tolkien: The Mind Behind the Rings, you'll get a neverbeforeseen look at the man, the artist, and the believer behind some of the world's most beloved stories.Join bestsel...
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Nate the Great on the Owl Express
Marjorie Weinman Sharmat, Mitchell Sharmat & Martha WestonBeginning readers are introduced to the detective mystery genre in these chapter books. Perfect for the Common Core, kids can problemsolve with Nate, using logical thinking to solv...
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Unnatural Death
Dorothy L. SayersThe third book in Dorothy L Sayers' classic Lord Peter Wimsey series, introduced by crime writer Minette Walters a mustread for fans of Agatha Christie's Poirot and Margery Alling...
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The Divorce Express
Paula Danziger & Ann M. MartinIf only all Phoebe had to deal with was the divorce....No one wants to ride the Divorce Express. Especially Phoebe. It means leaving her New York City apartment and friends, moving...
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The Science of Agatha Christie
Meg Hafdahl & Kelly FlorenceUncover the theories behind Dame Agatha Christie's most thrilling mysteries: Murder on the Orient Express, Death on the Nile, The A.B.C. Murders, and so much more! Gothic media mog...
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The Polar Bear Express
Debbie DadeyA lost baby polar bear shares the spotlight with a popular boy band in this Mermaid Tales adventure.Kiki Coral is thrilled beyond words when she meets a brandnew friend: a baby pol...
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Europa Express
Andrea MaceirasAroa, Xacobe, Nico, Beatriz, Óscar, Piero e Mía deciden viaxar xuntos por Europa en Interrail ao rematar o Bacharelato. Descubrirán a vida en liberdade e a complexidade das relació...
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Danger on the Botsburg Express
Russ BoltsJoe and Rob encounter danger and mystery on the Botsburg Express in this twelfth adventure in the hilarious Bots chapter books series.Many years ago, scientists on Earth sent video...
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Billboard Express
Sigmund Brouwer & Cindy MorganElle has come to Nashville to become a star. She has what it takes, but her agent and all the label executives want to change everything about herher hair, her body, her clothes an...
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DK Super Readers Level 4 Horse Heroes
DKHorses and humans have a very special bond. Make reading your superpower with DK's beautiful, leveled nonfiction.Use your reading superpowers to learn all about some incredible hor...
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Wildfire at Midnight
Mary StewartThe tense, twisty murder mystery which will have you on the edge of your seat, from the author of Madam, Will You Talk? /font size> 'Mary Stewart is magic' New York Times Follow...
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Marrakech Express
Peter MillarBack in 1969 when Morocco's ancient capital was a hashish clouded happy mecca, Crosby, Stills and Nash recorded their cheesy (and hopelessly inaccurate) foottapping anthem 'Marrake...
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My Brother Michael
Mary StewartThe original queen of the pageturner Mary Stewart leads her readers on a journey of murder and deceit through the dusty roads of midcentury Greece in this tale that fans of Agatha ...
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Desert Between the Mountains
Michael S. DurhamOn July 24, 1847, a band of Mormon pioneers descended into the Salt Lake Valley. Having crossed the Great Plains and hauled their wagons over the Rocky Mountains, they believed tha...
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Night Train, Night Train
Robert Burleigh & Wendell MinorRide the rails of the night train in this beautifully rendered journey conducted by renowned artist Wendell Minor and frequent collaborator Robert Burleigh.Rhyming, lyrical text de...
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Express Train to Trouble
Robert QuackenbushWorldfamous ducktective Miss Mallard works to solve the case of a missing prankster in this engaging Aladdin QUIX mystery.Miss Mallard sets out to explain the disappearance of Geor...
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The Main Character
Jaclyn GoldisA bestselling thriller author arranges a luxury train trip that is not what it appears to be in this electrifying modern homage to Agatha Christie from the author of the “tense and...
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It Happened on a Train
Mac BarnettSteve Brixton is in retirement, and not even grand theft auto can bring him back for one last job. Period, the end, that’s that. Right???After finding out that his favorite author ...
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Mystery on the Mayhem Express
Franklin W. DixonBrother detectives Frank and Joe go fullsteam ahead to find the truth in the twentythird book in the thrilling Hardy Boys Adventures series.The Hardys and some of their friends hop...
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Murder on the Orient Express
Agatha ChristieTHE MOST WIDELY READ MYSTERY OF ALL TIMENOW A MAJOR MOTION PICTURE DIRECTED BY KENNETH BRANAGH AND PRODUCED BY RIDLEY SCOTT!“The murderer is with uson the train now . . .”Just afte...
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Even More Basics to Brilliance
Donna HayDonna Hay, Australia's most trusted and bestselling cookbook author, returns with a follow up to her muchloved bestselling classic, Basics to Brilliance.When Donna Hay first launch...
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Jackrabbit McCabe and the Electric Telegraph
Lucy Margaret Rozier & Leo EspinosaThe fastest man in the West meets his match in this deliciously clever original tall tale. With his extralong legs, Jackrabbit McCabe can outrun anything on the American front...
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The Ivy Tree
Mary StewartMary Stewart, one of the great British storytellers of the 20th century, transports her readers to rural Northumberland for this tale of romance, ambition, and deceit a perfect fi...
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Words to Love By
Rick WarrenWith warmth and wisdom that speaks to the hearts of little ones, Words to Love Bywritten by #1 New York Times bestselling author of The Purpose Driven Life, Rick Warren, and illust...
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121 Express
Monique PolakThe students of the 121 Express are infamous for bad behavior and Lucas knows his role on the bus will determine his social standing at his new school. Lucas is tired of being one ...