Gold G Popular Books

Gold G Biography & Facts

Gold is a chemical element; it has the symbol Au (from the word "aurum" in Latin) and the atomic number 79. In its pure form, it is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal, a group 11 element, and one of the noble metals. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements, being the second-lowest in the reactivity series. It is solid under standard conditions. Gold often occurs in free elemental (native state), as nuggets or grains, in rocks, veins, and alluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver (as in electrum), naturally alloyed with other metals like copper and palladium, and mineral inclusions such as within pyrite. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium (gold tellurides). Gold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in aqua regia (a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid), forming a soluble tetrachloroaurate anion. Gold is insoluble in nitric acid alone, which dissolves silver and base metals, a property long used to refine gold and confirm the presence of gold in metallic substances, giving rise to the term 'acid test'. Gold dissolves in alkaline solutions of cyanide, which are used in mining and electroplating. Gold also dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys, and as the gold acts simply as a solute, this is not a chemical reaction. A relatively rare element, gold is a precious metal that has been used for coinage, jewelry, and other works of art throughout recorded history. In the past, a gold standard was often implemented as a monetary policy. Gold coins ceased to be minted as a circulating currency in the 1930s, and the world gold standard was abandoned for a fiat currency system after the Nixon shock measures of 1971. In 2020, the world's largest gold producer was China, followed by Russia and Australia. As of 2020, a total of around 201,296 tonnes of gold exist above ground. This is equal to a cube, with each side measuring roughly 21.7 meters (71 ft). The world's consumption of new gold produced is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in investments, and 10% in industry. Gold's high malleability, ductility, resistance to corrosion and most other chemical reactions, and conductivity of electricity have led to its continued use in corrosion-resistant electrical connectors in all types of computerized devices (its chief industrial use). Gold is also used in infrared shielding, the production of colored glass, gold leafing, and tooth restoration. Certain gold salts are still used as anti-inflammatory agents in medicine. Characteristics Gold is the most malleable of all metals. It can be drawn into a wire of single-atom width, and then stretched considerably before it breaks. Such nanowires distort via the formation, reorientation, and migration of dislocations and crystal twins without noticeable hardening. A single gram of gold can be beaten into a sheet of 1 square metre (11 sq ft), and an avoirdupois ounce into 28 square metres (300 sq ft). Gold leaf can be beaten thin enough to become semi-transparent. The transmitted light appears greenish-blue because gold strongly reflects yellow and red. Such semi-transparent sheets also strongly reflect infrared light, making them useful as infrared (radiant heat) shields in the visors of heat-resistant suits and in sun visors for spacesuits. Gold is a good conductor of heat and electricity. Gold has a density of 19.3 g/cm3, almost identical to that of tungsten at 19.25 g/cm3; as such, tungsten has been used in the counterfeiting of gold bars, such as by plating a tungsten bar with gold. By comparison, the density of lead is 11.34 g/cm3, and that of the densest element, osmium, is 22.588±0.015 g/cm3. Color Whereas most metals are gray or silvery white, gold is slightly reddish-yellow. This color is determined by the frequency of plasma oscillations among the metal's valence electrons, in the ultraviolet range for most metals but in the visible range for gold due to relativistic effects affecting the orbitals around gold atoms. Similar effects impart a golden hue to metallic caesium. Common colored gold alloys include the distinctive eighteen-karat rose gold created by the addition of copper. Alloys containing palladium or nickel are also important in commercial jewelry as these produce white gold alloys. Fourteen-karat gold-copper alloy is nearly identical in color to certain bronze alloys, and both may be used to produce police and other badges. Fourteen- and eighteen-karat gold alloys with silver alone appear greenish-yellow and are referred to as green gold. Blue gold can be made by alloying with iron, and purple gold can be made by alloying with aluminium. Less commonly, addition of manganese, indium, and other elements can produce more unusual colors of gold for various applications.Colloidal gold, used by electron-microscopists, is red if the particles are small; larger particles of colloidal gold are blue. Isotopes Gold has only one stable isotope, 197Au, which is also its only naturally occurring isotope, so gold is both a mononuclidic and monoisotopic element. Thirty-six radioisotopes have been synthesized, ranging in atomic mass from 169 to 205. The most stable of these is 195Au with a half-life of 186.1 days. The least stable is 171Au, which decays by proton emission with a half-life of 30 µs. Most of gold's radioisotopes with atomic masses below 197 decay by some combination of proton emission, α decay, and β+ decay. The exceptions are 195Au, which decays by electron capture, and 196Au, which decays most often by electron capture (93%) with a minor β− decay path (7%). All of gold's radioisotopes with atomic masses above 197 decay by β− decay.At least 32 nuclear isomers have also been characterized, ranging in atomic mass from 170 to 200. Within that range, only 178Au, 180Au, 181Au, 182Au, and 188Au do not have isomers. Gold's most stable isomer is 198m2Au with a half-life of 2.27 days. Gold's least stable isomer is 177m2Au with a half-life of only 7 ns. 184m1Au has three decay paths: β+ decay, isomeric transition, and alpha decay. No other isomer or isotope of gold has three decay paths. Synthesis The possible production of gold from a more common element, such as lead, has long been a subject of human inquiry, and the ancient and medieval discipline of alchemy often focused on it; however, the transmutation of the chemical elements did not become possible until the understanding of nuclear physics in the 20th century. The first synthesis of gold was conducted by Japanese physicist Hantaro Nagaoka, who synthesized gold from mercury in 1924 by neutron bombardment. An American team, working without knowledge of Nagaoka's prior study, conducted the same experiment in 1941, achieving the same result and showing that the isotopes of gold produced by it were all radioactive. In 1980, Glenn Seaborg transmuted several thousand atoms of.... Discover the Gold G popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Gold G books.

Best Seller Gold G Books of 2024

  • G. F. Unger Western-Bestseller 2384 synopsis, comments

    G. F. Unger Western-Bestseller 2384

    G. F. Unger

    Wo Gold gefunden wird, bricht die Hölle los. Dan Saturday weiß genau, was auf ihn zukommt, als er die ersten Nuggets in dem kleinen Creek findet ...G.F. Unger ist der erfolgreichst...

  • Ich bin so treu wie Gold synopsis, comments

    Ich bin so treu wie Gold

    E. Simons, G. Grabowski & N. Hammerschmidt

    Dieses Ebook enthält die Notenausgabe des Werks in EbDur für Klavier & Gesang.Das EBook Ich bin so treu wie Gold wird angeboten von Hansa Musik Verlag GmbH/GrasiMusic Verlag Gm...

  • G. F. Unger 2226 synopsis, comments

    G. F. Unger 2226

    G. F. Unger

    Auch an diesem Tag ist Dan Saturday bis zum Einbruch der Dunkelheit geritten immer tiefer in das gewaltige Bergland hinein, einsam und mit zwiespältigen Gefühlen. Sein Campfeuer b...

  • Cryptonomicon synopsis, comments

    Cryptonomicon

    Neal Stephenson

    With this extraordinary first volume in what promises to be an epochmaking masterpiece, Neal Stephenson hacks into the secret histories of nations and the private obsessions of men...

  • The Gold Regions of California. Being a succinct description of the geography, history, topography, and general features of California ... Edited by G. G. Foster. synopsis, comments

    The Gold Regions of California. Being a succinct description of the geography, history, topography, and general features of California ... Edited by G. G. Foster.

    George G. Foster

    The HISTORY OF COLONIAL NORTH AMERICA collection includes books from the British Library digitised by Microsoft. This collection refers to the European settlements in North Americ...

  • G. F. Unger Western-Bestseller 2583 synopsis, comments

    G. F. Unger Western-Bestseller 2583

    G. F. Unger

    Sergeant Jim Bailey wendet sich im Sattel um und blickt zurück auf die haltenden Reiter der Patrouille. Er sieht in stoppelbärtige, von Hitze und Sonne gerötete Gesichter. Die Blic...

  • The Gold Bat synopsis, comments

    The Gold Bat

    P. G. Wodehouse

    CONTENTS Chapter I THE FIFTEENTH PLACE II THE GOLD BAT III THE MAYOR’S STATUE IV THE LEAGUE’S WARNING V MILL RECEIVES VISITORS VI TREVOR REMAINS FIRM VII “WITH THE COMPLIMENTS OF T...

  • At home in Gold Coast North. synopsis, comments

    At home in Gold Coast North.

    Tonic Advertising

    Build your new home with G.J. Gardner Homes Gold Coast North. Meet your local G.J. builder Dave Cummins, and view all the latest home designs, style gallery and inclusions.

  • Complete Humor Romance of P. G. Wodehouse synopsis, comments

    Complete Humor Romance of P. G. Wodehouse

    P. G. Wodehouse

    P. G. Wodehouse was an English humorist, whose body of work includes novels, short stories, plays, poems, song lyrics and numerous pieces of journalism. He enjoyed enormous popular...

  • G.O.A.T. synopsis, comments

    G.O.A.T.

    Jol Temple, Kate Temple & Rebel Challenger

    This hilarious picture book asks life’s most important question: who is the GREATEST OF ALL TIME?Goat thinks he’s pretty great in fact, his name stands for the Greatest Of All Tim...

  • G. F. Unger Sonder-Edition 139 synopsis, comments

    G. F. Unger Sonder-Edition 139

    G. F. Unger

    Kings Handlanger hatten mein Gold geraubt und mich von meinem Claim vertrieben. Ich war nicht der Erste, dem das passierte, aber ich war der Erste, der dabei am Leben blieb. Meine ...

  • G. F. Unger Sonder-Edition 128 synopsis, comments

    G. F. Unger Sonder-Edition 128

    G. F. Unger

    Sie ist die schönste Frau von Fort Buford und der Traum eines jeden Mannes. Kein Wunder, dass der schwer angeschossene Goldgräber sich zu Ester Moris flüchtet und ihr sterbend sein...

  • Ink and Daggers synopsis, comments

    Ink and Daggers

    Maxim Jakubowski, Neil Gaiman, Ann Cleeves, Christopher Fowler & Lavie Tidhar

    An enthralling anthology of 20 CWA Dagger Awardshortlisted gripping and thrilling stories for the most hardened crime fan.Featuring bestselling authors such as Neil Gaiman, Ann Cle...

  • Daughter of Fortune synopsis, comments

    Daughter of Fortune

    Isabel Allende

    From the New York Times bestselling author of The House of the Spirits, Isabelle Allende, comes a passionate tale of one young woman's quest to save her lover set against the ...

  • Gold Rush Investments Inc. V. G.E. Johnson Construction Co. synopsis, comments

    Gold Rush Investments Inc. V. G.E. Johnson Construction Co.

    Colorado Court of Appeals

    In this breach of contract action, defendant,  Unicon Construction, Inc., appeals from the judgment entered on a jury verdict awarding damages in favor of plaintiff, Gold Rush...

  • G. F. Unger Western-Bestseller 2591 synopsis, comments

    G. F. Unger Western-Bestseller 2591

    G. F. Unger

    Es ist später Herbst, als sie im Morgengrauen ihre Claimhütte verlassen. Die klare Nacht, die vom grauen Morgen nach Westen gedrängt wird, hinterlässt einen dichten Nebel, der wie ...

  • The Gold Bat By P.G. Wodehouse synopsis, comments

    The Gold Bat By P.G. Wodehouse

    P.G. Wodehouse

    All of which, being interpreted, meant that the first match of the Easter term had just come to an end, and that those of the team who, being day boys, changed over at the pavilion...