Henry H Fick Popular Books

Henry H Fick Biography & Facts

V̇O2 max (also maximal oxygen consumption, maximal oxygen uptake or maximal aerobic capacity) is the maximum rate of oxygen consumption attainable during physical exertion. The name is derived from three abbreviations: "V̇" for volume (the dot over the V indicates "per unit of time" in Newton's notation), "O2" for oxygen, and "max" for maximum and usually normalized per kilogram of body mass. A similar measure is V̇O2 peak (peak oxygen consumption), which is the measurable value from a session of physical exercise, be it incremental or otherwise. It could match or underestimate the actual V̇O2 max. Confusion between the values in older and popular fitness literature is common. The capacity of the lung to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide is constrained by the rate of blood oxygen transport to active tissue. The measurement of V̇O2 max in the laboratory provides a quantitative value of endurance fitness for comparison of individual training effects and between people in endurance training. Maximal oxygen consumption reflects cardiorespiratory fitness and endurance capacity in exercise performance. Elite athletes, such as competitive distance runners, racing cyclists or Olympic cross-country skiers, can achieve V̇O2 max values exceeding 90 mL/(kg·min), while some endurance animals, such as Alaskan huskies, have V̇O2 max values exceeding 200 mL/(kg·min). In physical training, especially in its academic literature, V̇O2 max is often used as a reference level to quantify exertion levels, such as 65% V̇O2 max as a threshold for sustainable exercise, which is generally regarded as more rigorous than heart rate, but is more elaborate to measure. Normalization per body mass V̇O2 max is expressed either as an absolute rate in (for example) litres of oxygen per minute (L/min) or as a relative rate in (for example) millilitres of oxygen per kilogram of the body mass per minute (e.g., mL/(kg·min)). The latter expression is often used to compare the performance of endurance sports athletes. However, V̇O2 max generally does not vary linearly with body mass, either among individuals within a species or among species, so comparisons of the performance capacities of individuals or species that differ in body size must be done with appropriate statistical procedures, such as analysis of covariance. Measurement and calculation Measurement Accurately measuring V̇O2 max involves a physical effort sufficient in duration and intensity to fully tax the aerobic energy system. In general clinical and athletic testing, this usually involves a graded exercise test in which exercise intensity is progressively increased while measuring: ventilation and oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration of the inhaled and exhaled air.V̇O2 max is measured during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX test). The test is done on a treadmill or cycle ergometer. In untrained subjects, V̇O2 max is 10% to 20% lower when using a cycle ergometer compared with a treadmill. However, trained cyclists' results on the cycle ergometer are equal to or even higher than those obtained on the treadmill.The classic V̇O2 max, in the sense of Hill and Lupton (1923), is reached when oxygen consumption remains at a steady state ("plateau") despite an increase in workload. The occurrence of a plateau is not guaranteed and may vary by person and sampling interval, leading to modified protocols with varied results. Calculation: the Fick equation V̇O2 may also be calculated by the Fick equation: V˙O2=Q× (CaO2−CvO2){\displaystyle {\ce {{\dot {V}}O2}}=Q\times \ (C_{a}{\ce {O2}}-C_{v}{\ce {O2}})}, when these values are obtained during exertion at a maximal effort. Here Q is the cardiac output of the heart, CaO2 is the arterial oxygen content, and CvO2 is the venous oxygen content. (CaO2 – CvO2) is also known as the arteriovenous oxygen difference. The Fick equation may be used to measure V̇O2 in critically ill patients, but its usefulness is low even in non-exerted cases. Using a breath-based VO2 to estimate cardiac output, on the other hand, seems to be reliable enough. Estimation using submaximal exercise testing The necessity for a subject to exert maximum effort in order to accurately measure V̇O2 max can be dangerous in those with compromised respiratory or cardiovascular systems; thus, sub-maximal tests for estimating V̇O2 max have been developed. The heart rate ratio method An estimate of V̇O2 max is based on maximum and resting heart rates. In the Uth et al. (2004) formulation, it is given by: V˙O2max≈HRmaxHRrest×15.3 mL/(kg⋅minute){\displaystyle {\ce {{\dot {V}}O2}}\max \approx {\frac {{\text{HR}}_{\max }}{{\text{HR}}_{\text{rest}}}}\times 15.3{\text{ mL}}/({\text{kg}}\cdot {\text{minute}})}This equation uses the ratio of maximum heart rate (HRmax) to resting heart rate (HRrest) to predict V̇O2 max. The researchers cautioned that the conversion rule was based on measurements on well-trained men aged 21 to 51 only, and may not be reliable when applied to other sub-groups. They also advised that the formula is most reliable when based on actual measurement of maximum heart rate, rather than an age-related estimate. The Uth constant factor of 15.3 is given for well-trained men. Later studies have revised the constant factor for different populations. According to Voutilainen et al. 2020, the constant factor should be 14 in around 40-year-old normal weight never-smoking men with no cardiovascular diseases, bronchial asthma, or cancer. Every 10 years of age reduces the coefficient by one, as well as does the change in body weight from normal weight to obese or the change from never-smoker to current smoker. Consequently, V̇O2 max of 60-year-old obese current smoker men should be estimated by multiplying the HRmax to HRrest ratio by 10. Cooper test Kenneth H. Cooper conducted a study for the United States Air Force in the late 1960s. One of the results of this was the Cooper test in which the distance covered running in 12 minutes is measured. Based on the measured distance, an estimate of V̇O2 max [in mL/(kg·min)] is: V˙O2max≈d12−504.944.73{\displaystyle {\ce {{\dot {V}}O2}}\max \approx {d_{12}-504.9 \over 44.73}}where d12 is the distance (in metres) covered in 12 minutes. An alternative equation is: V˙O2max≈(35.97∗d12′)−11.29{\displaystyle {\ce {{\dot {V}}O2}}\max \approx {(35.97*d'_{12})-11.29}}where d′12 is distance (in miles) covered in 12 minutes. Multi-stage fitness test There are several other reliable tests and V̇O2 max calculators to estimate V̇O2 max, most notably the multi-stage fitness test (or beep test). Rockport fitness walking test Estimation of V̇O2 max from a timed one-mile track walk in decimal minutes (t, e.g.: 20:35 would be specified as 20.58), gender, age in years, body weight in pounds (BW, lbs), and 60-second heart rate in beats-per-minute (HR, bpm) at the end of the mile. The constant x is 6.3150 for males, 0 for females. V˙O2max≈132.853−0.0769⋅BW−0.3877⋅age−3.2649t−0.1565⋅HR+x{\displaystyle {\c.... Discover the Henry H Fick popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Henry H Fick books.

Best Seller Henry H Fick Books of 2024

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    Melissa Belle

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    Margaret Morrison

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