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Jack Leon Ruby (born Jacob Leon Rubenstein; c. March 25, 1911 – January 3, 1967) was an American nightclub owner who murdered Lee Harvey Oswald on November 24, 1963, two days after Oswald was accused of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Ruby shot and mortally wounded Oswald on live television in the basement of Dallas Police Headquarters and was immediately arrested. In a trial, Ruby was found guilty and sentenced to death. The conviction was appealed, and he was to be granted a new trial, but Ruby became ill, was diagnosed with cancer, and died of a pulmonary embolism on January 3, 1967. In 1964, the Warren Commission concluded that Ruby acted alone in killing Oswald and that Ruby shot Oswald on impulse and in retaliation for the Kennedy assassination. The commission's findings are challenged by various critics who hypothesize that Ruby was part of a conspiracy surrounding the Kennedy assassination. Early life and career Ruby was born Jacob Leon Rubenstein on or around March 25, 1911, in the Maxwell Street area of Chicago, the son of Joseph Rubenstein and Fannie Turek Rutkowski (or Rokowsky), both Polish-born Orthodox Jews. Ruby was the fifth of his parents' 10 surviving children. While he was growing up, his parents were often violent towards each other and frequently separated; Ruby's mother was eventually committed to a mental hospital. His troubled childhood and adolescence were marked by juvenile delinquency with time being spent in foster homes. At age 11 in 1922, he was arrested for truancy. Ruby eventually skipped school so often that he had to spend time at the Institute for Juvenile Research. Still a young man, he sold horse-racing tip sheets and various novelties, then acted as a business agent for a local refuse collectors union that later became part of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT).: 332 From his early childhood, Ruby was nicknamed "Sparky" by those who knew him. His sister, Eva Grant, said that he acquired the nickname because he resembled a slow-moving horse named "Spark Plug" or "Sparky" in the contemporary comic strip Barney Google. ("Spark Plug" debuted as a character in the strip in 1922, when Ruby was 11.) Other accounts say that the name was given because of his quick temper. Grant stated that Ruby did not like the nickname and was quick to fight anyone who called him that.In the 1940s, Ruby frequented race tracks in Illinois and California. He was drafted in 1943 and served in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II, working as an aircraft mechanic at U.S. bases until 1946. He had an honorable record and was promoted to Private First Class. Upon discharge, in 1946, Ruby returned to Chicago.In 1947, Ruby moved to Dallas, purportedly because of the failure of merchandise deals in Chicago and to help operate his sister's nightclub. Soon afterward he and his brothers shortened their surnames from Rubenstein to Ruby. The stated reason for this was that the name "Rubenstein" was too long and that he was "well known" as Jack Ruby. Ruby later went on to manage various nightclubs, strip clubs, and dance halls. He developed close ties to many Dallas Police officers who frequented his nightclubs, where he provided them with free liquor, prostitutes and other favors.Ruby never married and had no children. At the time of the assassination, Ruby was living with George Senator, who referred to Ruby as "my boyfriend" during the Warren Commission hearing, although he denied the two being homosexual lovers. Warren Commission lawyer Burt Griffin later told author Gerald Posner: "I'm not sure if Senator was honest with us about his relationship with Ruby. People did not advertise their homosexuality in 1963". Illegal activities Some critics have said that Ruby was involved in illegal activity such as gambling, narcotics, and prostitution.A 1956 FBI report stated that informant Eileen Curry had moved to Dallas in January with her boyfriend James Breen after jumping bail on narcotics charges. Breen told her that he had made connections with a large narcotics setup operating between Texas, Mexico, and the East, and that "James got the okay to operate through Ruby of Dallas."Dallas County Sheriff Steve Guthrie told the FBI that he believed that Ruby "operated some prostitution activities and other vices in his club" in Dallas.Dallas disc jockey Kenneth Dowe testified that Ruby was known around the station for "procuring women for different people who came to town". Character According to people interviewed by law enforcement and the Warren Commission, Ruby was desperate to attract attention to himself and to his club. He knew a great number of people in Dallas, but he had only a few friends. Because his business ventures remained unsuccessful, he was heavily in debt.The commission received reports of Ruby's penchant for violence. He had a volatile temper, and he often resorted to violence with employees who had upset him. He acted as the bouncer of his own club and beat his customers on at least 25 occasions. The fights would often end with Ruby throwing his victims down the club's stairs. In one fight with a man, the man bit Ruby's left index finger so badly that the doctors had it amputated.Stories of Ruby's eccentric and unstable behavior describe him as sometimes taking his shirt or other clothes off in social gatherings, and either hitting his chest like a gorilla or rolling around on the floor. During conversations, he could change the topic suddenly in mid-sentence. He sometimes welcomed a guest to his club, but on other nights he would forbid the same guest from entering. He was described by those who knew him as "a kook", "totally unpredictable", "a psycho", and "suffering from some form of disturbance".During the 1970s, prominent psychiatrist Irene Jakab, who was known for her use of art therapy in diagnosing and treating patients with mental illness, analyzed artwork that had been created by Ruby while he was in jail. While assessing one of Ruby's drawings, which had been included as part of art exhibits at the World Congress of Psychiatry meeting in Waikiki and the University of Hawaii in late August and early September 1977, she claimed that his work conveyed "repressed aggression and secretiveness," adding: Notice how he really constricts himself so as not to reveal himself. He hides behind all those geometrical lines and pointed edges. You can feel his controlled aggression. John F. Kennedy assassination November 21 The Warren Commission attempted to reconstruct Ruby's movements from November 21, 1963, through November 24.: 333  The Commission reported that he was attending to his duties as the proprietor of the Carousel Club located at 1312 1/2 Commerce St. in downtown Dallas and the Vegas Club in the city's Oak Lawn district from the afternoon of November 21 to the early hours of November 22.: 333  A number of Dallas police officers were meeting in the office of Assistant District Attorney Ben Ellis when R.... Discover the Mary Campisi popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Mary Campisi books.

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  • A Family Affair Boxed Set synopsis, comments

    A Family Affair Boxed Set

    Mary Campisi

    Heartache. Betrayal. Forgiveness. Redemption. Real families aren’t always the ones you know about…. that’s the tagline for the first book in Mary Campisi’s bestselling Truth in Lie...

  • The Perfect Deal synopsis, comments

    The Perfect Deal

    Mary Campisi

    Brilliant, freespirited Roxie Revito wants a baby and she wants Rhyder Remington’s DNA to get it. The man might be uptight and way too conservative, but he has an IQ that equals he...

  • Not Your Everyday Housewife synopsis, comments

    Not Your Everyday Housewife

    Mary Campisi

    It's all about that second chance... Not Your Everyday Housewife is Book Five of That Second Chance Series. (These are standalone books tied together by a common themebelief in the...

  • Pulling Home synopsis, comments

    Pulling Home

    Mary Campisi

    It's all about that second chance... Sometimes we're lucky enough to get that second chancein life and in love. Pulling Home is a standalone story of a strong woman who battles hea...

  • Simple Riches synopsis, comments

    Simple Riches

    Mary Campisi

    It’s all about that second chance... Simple Riches is Book Three of That Second Chance Series. (These are standalone books tied together by a common themebelief in the beauty of th...

  • Paradise Found synopsis, comments

    Paradise Found

    Mary Campisi

    It's all about that second chance... Paradise Found is Book Four of That Second Chance Series. (These are standalone books tied together by a common themebelief in the beauty of t...

  • Strangers Like Us synopsis, comments

    Strangers Like Us

    Mary Campisi

    Unlock the secrets in Reunion Gap When the son of the man who lost everything falls in love with the daughter of the man who stole it all, there can only be heartache ahead. ...

  • Small Town Perfect Boxed Set 2 synopsis, comments

    Small Town Perfect Boxed Set 2

    Mary Campisi

    Small town romantic women’s fiction with love, hope, second chances, and a happy ending! Note from Mary: I love secondary characters: writing them, reading about them, even watchin...

  • The Sweetest Deal synopsis, comments

    The Sweetest Deal

    Mary Campisi

    Unlikely couples, matchmakers, and moral dilemmas are the heart of the Best Intention series, a collection of novellas set in a business environment where negotiations and deals tu...

  • Guilty Like Us synopsis, comments

    Guilty Like Us

    Mary Campisi

    She was the last person he wanted to fall for, but now she’s the only one he wants. People called Meredith Alexander a highsociety dogooder with a penchant for trusting the wrong p...

  • A Taste of Seduction synopsis, comments

    A Taste of Seduction

    Mary Campisi

    Love and Betrayal…Regency style A young woman of noble blood, raised as a peasant girl… An orphaned stable boy, now grown and the surrogate son of a powerful earlthe same earl who ...

  • A Family Affair synopsis, comments

    A Family Affair

    Mary Campisi

    Real families aren’t always the ones you know about… A Family Affair is where it all began...Heartache, Betrayal, Forgiveness, Redemption...all wrapped up in the people you will l...

  • A Dash of Seduction synopsis, comments

    A Dash of Seduction

    Mary Campisi

    Love and Betrayal…Regency Style Madeline Munrove’s mother instilled three truths in her daughter. These truths were as follows: First, men were basically useless creatures driven b...

  • A Family Affair Boxed Set 2 synopsis, comments

    A Family Affair Boxed Set 2

    Mary Campisi

    Heartache. Betrayal. Forgiveness. Redemption. Real families aren’t always the ones you know about… A Family Affair Boxed Set 2, Books 4–6, is about so much more than a secret fami...

  • The Butterfly Garden synopsis, comments

    The Butterfly Garden

    Mary Campisi

    It’s all about that second chance… The Butterfly Garden is Book Six of That Second Chance Series. (These are standalone stories tied together by a common theme belief in the beauty...

  • Small Town Perfect Boxed Set 4 synopsis, comments

    Small Town Perfect Boxed Set 4

    Mary Campisi

    Small town romantic women’s fiction with love, hope, second chances, and a happy ending! Note from Mary: I love secondary characters: writing them, reading about them, even watchin...

  • Meals From Magdalena synopsis, comments

    Meals From Magdalena

    Mary Campisi

    Food has always been an important part of our family and our history, which is probably why it shows up so much in my writing. The characters in my A Family Affair books have cooke...

  • Small Town Perfect Boxed Set 6 synopsis, comments

    Small Town Perfect Boxed Set 6

    Mary Campisi

    Small town romantic women’s fiction with love, hope, second chances, and a happy ending! Note from Mary: I love secondary characters: writing them, reading about them, even watchin...

  • Couples Like Us synopsis, comments

    Couples Like Us

    Mary Campisi

    Christmas is a time of joy, hope, and wonder...until the ultimate challenge threatens one of Reunion Gap’s favorite couples. Note to the reader: As a reader, I often wonder about t...

  • Small Town Perfect Boxed Set 1 synopsis, comments

    Small Town Perfect Boxed Set 1

    Mary Campisi

    Small town romantic women’s fiction with love, hope, second chances, and a happy ending! Note from Mary: I love secondary characters: writing them, reading about them, even watchin...

  • A Scent of Seduction synopsis, comments

    A Scent of Seduction

    Mary Campisi

    Love and Betrayal…Regency Style English noblewoman Julia Langford wants nothing more than to escape the constraints of a society that demands she turn in her breeches and secure a ...

  • Players Like Us synopsis, comments

    Players Like Us

    Mary Campisi

    He’s not who he says he is…but neither is she… Neal Alexander has a reputation as a heartbreaker and a troublemaker who uses his trust fund, good looks, and comecloser glances to g...

  • A Touch of Seduction synopsis, comments

    A Touch of Seduction

    Mary Campisi

    He was the second son of an earl. She was the daughter of a vicar. They were young, in love, and believed nothing could keep them apart… Oh, but they were so very wrong. Jason Lang...

  • The Way They Were synopsis, comments

    The Way They Were

    Mary Campisi

    It's all about that second chance... Sometimes we’re lucky enough to get that second chance in life and in love. The Way They Were is a standalone story of a young woman who battl...

  • Secrets of You synopsis, comments

    Secrets of You

    Mary Campisi

    Heartache. Betrayal. Forgiveness. Redemption. These are the hallmarks of bestselling author, Mary Campisi's novels, and she does it again with Secrets of You, book two of The Betra...

  • Pretenders Like Us synopsis, comments

    Pretenders Like Us

    Mary Campisi

    Unlock the secrets in Reunion Gap He’s not who he says he is…but neither is she… Ethan Nance lives his life guided by analyses and spreadsheets and avoids anything resembling an em...

  • An Unlikely Husband Boxed Set synopsis, comments

    An Unlikely Husband Boxed Set

    Mary Campisi

    Romance and women’s fiction author, Mary Campisi, brings readers Love and Betrayal, Regency Style in An Unlikely Husband Boxed Set, Books 14. This regency historical romance includ...

  • Pieces of You synopsis, comments

    Pieces of You

    Mary Campisi

    Heartache. Betrayal. Forgiveness. Redemption. These are the hallmarks of bestselling author, Mary Campisi's novels, and she does it again with Pieces of You, book one of The Betray...