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The domestic silk moth (Bombyx mori) is an insect from the moth family Bombycidae. It is the closest relative of Bombyx mandarina, the wild silk moth. The silkworm is the larva (or caterpillar) of a silk moth. The silkworm is of particular economic value, being a primary producer of silk. The silkworm's preferred food are the leaves of white mulberry, though they may eat other species of mulberry, and even leaves of other plants like the osage orange. Domestic silk moths are entirely dependent on humans for reproduction, as a result of millennia of selective breeding. Wild silk moths (other species of Bombyx) are not as commercially viable in the production of silk. Sericulture, the practice of breeding silkworms for the production of raw silk, existed for at least 5,000 years in China, whence it spread to India, Korea, Nepal, Japan, and then the West. The conventional process of sericulture kills the silkworm in the pupal stage. The domestic silk moth was domesticated from the wild silk moth Bombyx mandarina, which has a range from northern India to northern China, Korea, Japan, and the far eastern regions of Russia. The domestic silk moth derives from Chinese rather than Japanese or Korean stock.Silk moths were unlikely to have been domestically bred before the Neolithic period. Before then, the tools to manufacture quantities of silk thread had not been developed. The domesticated B. mori and the wild B. mandarina can still breed and sometimes produce hybrids.: 342 It is unknown if B. mori can hybridize with other Bombyx species. Compared to most members in the genus Bombyx, domestic silk moths have lost their color pigments as well as their ability to fly. Types Mulberry silkworms can be divided into three major categories based on seasonal brood frequency. Univoltine silkworms produce only one brood a season, and they are generally found in and around Europe. Univoltine eggs must hibernate through the winter, ultimately cross-fertilizing in spring. Bivoltine varieties are normally found in East Asia, and their accelerated breeding process is made possible by slightly warmer climates. In addition, there are polyvoltine silkworms found only in the tropics. Their eggs typically hatch within 9 to 12 days, meaning there can be up to eight generations of larvae throughout the year. Description and life cycle Larvae Eggs take about 14 days to hatch into larvae, which eat continuously. They have a preference for white mulberry, having an attraction to the mulberry odorant cis-jasmone. They are not monophagous, since they can eat other species of Morus, as well as some other Moraceae, mostly Osage orange. They are covered with tiny black hairs. When the color of their heads turns darker, it indicates they are about to molt. After molting, the larval phase of the silkworms emerge white, naked, and with little horns on their backs. Pupae (cocoon) After they have molted four times, their bodies become slightly yellow, and the skin becomes tighter. The larvae then prepare to enter the pupal phase of their life cycle, and enclose themselves in a cocoon made up of raw silk produced by the salivary glands. The final molt from larva to pupa takes place within the cocoon, which provides a layer of protection during the vulnerable, almost motionless pupal state. Many other Lepidoptera produce cocoons, but only a few — the Bombycidae, in particular the genus Bombyx, and the Saturniidae, in particular the genus Antheraea — have been exploited for fabric production. The cocoon is made of a thread of raw silk from 300 to about 900 m (1,000 to 3,000 ft) long. The fibers are fine and lustrous, about 10 μm (0.0004 in) in diameter. About 2,000 to 3,000 cocoons are required to make one pound of silk (0.4 kg). At least 70 million pounds (32 million kg) of raw silk are produced each year, requiring nearly 10 billion cocoons.If the animal survives through the pupal phase of its life cycle, it releases proteolytic enzymes to make a hole in the cocoon so it can emerge as an adult moth. These enzymes are destructive to the silk and can cause the silk fibers to break down from over a mile in length to segments of random length, which reduces the value of the silk threads, although these damaged silk cocoons are still used as "stuffing" available in China and elsewhere in the production of duvets, jackets, and other purposes. To prevent this, silkworm cocoons are boiled in water. The heat kills the silkworms, and the water makes the cocoons easier to unravel. Often, the silkworm is eaten. As the process of harvesting the silk from the cocoon kills the pupa, sericulture has been criticized by animal welfare and rights activists. Mahatma Gandhi was critical of silk production based on the ahimsa philosophy "not to hurt any living thing". This led to Gandhi's promotion of cotton spinning machines, an example of which can be seen at the Gandhi Institute, and an extension of this principle has led to the modern production practice known as Ahimsa silk, which is wild silk (from wild and semiwild silk moths) made from the cocoons of moths that are allowed to emerge before the silk is harvested. Moth The moth is the adult phase of the silk worm's life cycle. Silk moths have a wingspan of 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in) and a white, hairy body. Females are about two to three times bulkier than males (due to carrying many eggs). All adult Bombycidae moths have reduced mouthparts and do not feed. The wings of the silk moth develop from larval imaginal disks. The moth is not capable of functional flight, in contrast to the wild B. mandarina and other Bombyx species, whose males fly to meet females. Some may emerge with the ability to lift off and stay airborne, but sustained flight cannot be achieved as their bodies are too big and heavy for their small wings. The legs of the silk moth develop from the silkworm's larval (thoracic) legs. Developmental genes like Distalless and extradenticle have been used to mark leg development. In addition, removing specific segments of the thoracic legs at different ages of the larva resulted in the adult silk moth not developing the corresponding adult leg segments.Research Due to its small size and ease of culture, the silkworm has become a model organism in the study of lepidopteran and general arthropod biology. Fundamental findings on pheromones, hormones, brain structures, and physiology have been made with the silkworm. One example of this was the molecular identification of the first known pheromone, bombykol, which required extracts from 500,000 individuals, due to the small quantities of pheromone produced by any individual silkworm.Many research works have focused on the genetics of silkworms and the possibility of genetic engineering. Many hundreds of strains are maintained, and over 400 Mendelian mutations have been described. Another source suggests 1,000 inbred domesticated strains are kept worldwide. One useful development for the silk industry is silkworms th.... Discover the Panthee popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Panthee books.
Best Seller Panthee Books of 2024
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The Black Panther Party
David F. Walker & Marcus Kwame AndersonWINNER OF THE EISNER AWARD A bold and fascinating graphic novel history of the revolutionary Black Panther Party.Founded in Oakland, California, in 1966, the Black Panther Party f...
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Black Panther Prowls the Town
Seth ReitzAbout this book After hearing about the efforts of the Milton Area School District to reestablish a sense of community pride and school spirit, the Milton Black Panther wanted to p...
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Black Panther and Sweet 16 Volume 3
Pedoro ToriumiTaiga is a headstrong sixteenyearold girl keeping a superdangerous beastboy, Anri, as a pet. She fell in love with the scarylooking but kind Kurogane, but he turned her down. Anri ...
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Black Panther
Ta-Nehisi CoatesCollects Black Panther (2016) #58, Jungle Action #67. Counting down the final days of the kingdom of Wakanda! As Zenzi and The People poison Wakandaís citizens against the Black Pa...
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Black Panther and Sweet 16 Volume 9
Pedoro ToriumiTaiga is a strongwilled 16yearold keeping the superdangerous beast boy, Anri, as her pet. Anri’s childhood friend and the next CEO of a major cosmetics company, Kurogane, proposes ...
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The Cuban Affair
Nelson DeMilleNelson DeMille’s #1 New York Times bestseller, “an actionpacked, relentlessly paced thriller” (Publishers Weekly, starred review), featuring DeMille’s newest characterU.S. Army com...
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Lights, Camera, Action
Heather SilvioAn empath talent agent risks her life – and her heart – when she teams up with her notquitehuman client to prove him innocent of murder.Human lie detector Catherine Rodham moves ac...
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Black Panther and Sweet 16 Volume 1
Pedoro ToriumiThe 16yearold girl with a complex about her aggressive nature, Taiga, gives a drink to a boy she finds passed out from starvation, but he ends up stealing a kiss under the pretense...
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Mad Panther
Donna McDonaldSugar left on sentient blade business. She came home to a very mad panther. When the sentient blade sends her on a rescue mission, Dr. Sugar Jennings sneaks out of her Bad Panther...
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Blood Lines
Nelson DeMille & Alex DemilleINSTANT NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLERFrom New York Times bestselling authors Nelson DeMille and Alex DeMille, Blood Lines features the return of Army CID Special Agents Brodie and Tayl...
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Getaway
Nelson DeMille & Lisa ScottolineIn this short story from the International Thriller Writers’ anthology MatchUp, bestselling authors Nelson DeMille and Lisa Scottolinealong with their popular series characters Joh...
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Wake
Rebecca Hall & Hugo MartinezA Best Book of 2021 by NPR and The Washington PostPart graphic novel, part memoir, Wake is an imaginative tour de force that tells the “powerful” (The New York Times Book Review) s...
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The Black Panther Party
David Hilliard & The Dr. Huey P. Newton FoundationThe Black Panther Party represents Black Panther Party members' coordinated responses over the last four decades to the failure of city, state, and federal bureaucrats to address t...
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The Assassination of Fred Hampton
Jeffrey HaasRead the story behind the awardwinning film Judas and the Black Messiah On December 4, 1969, attorney Jeff Haas was in a police lockup in Chicago, interviewing Fred Hampton's fianc...
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Afeni Shakur
Jasmine GuyAfeni Shakur, one of the most visible figures in both the hiphop and civil rights movements, reveals her moral and spiritual development in an innovative memoir spanning four decad...
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Radical Dharma
Rev. angel Kyodo williams, Lama Rod Owens & Jasmine Syedullah, Ph.D.Igniting a longoverdue dialogue about how the legacy of racial injustice and white supremacy plays out in society at large and Buddhist communities in particular, this urgent call ...
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Black Panther and Sweet 16 Volume 2
Pedoro ToriumiTaiga, sixteen years old, lets herself be provoked into taking in Anri, a superdangerous beastboy, as a pet. Then, when Kurogane, Anri’s childhood friend, helps her deal with Anri’...
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Diaries of an Urban Panther
Amanda AristaViolet Jordan thought the fairy tales her mother wove were just a way to get Violet to sleep, not a way to prepare her for the apocalypse she is the key to preventing. When she bec...
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Dad Panther
Donna McDonaldBad Panther is about to become Dad Panther… Dr. Sugar Jennings, host of a Protector Blade, is about to become the mother of twins. Axel of Rodu, her alien panther mate and next in ...
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The Maze
Nelson DeMille#1 New York Times bestselling author Nelson DeMille returns with a “genuinely thrilling” (The New York Times) suspense novel featuring his most popular character, former NYPD homic...
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Black Panther and Sweet 16 Volume 7
Pedoro ToriumiTaiga is a strongwilled sixteenyearold who keeps the superdangerous beastboy Anri as a pet. When Anri's childhood friend and the next CEO of a major cosmetics company, Kurogane, pr...
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Rise Of The Black Panther
Ta-Nehisi Coates & Evan NarcisseCollecting Rise Of The Black Panther #16. The secret origin of T’Challa, the Black Panther! Wakanda has always kept itself isolated from Western society, but that’s about to change...
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The Deep
Rivers SolomonOctavia E. Butler meets Marvel’s Black Panther in The Deep, a story rich with Afrofuturism, folklore, and the power of memory, inspired by the Hugo Award–nominated song “The Deep” ...
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The Pink Panther
Max Allan CollinsOui, the mystery of the missingPink Panther Diamond is as good as solved!Only one question remains:Who stole the Pink Panther Diamond?A famous coach is murdered in a crowded stadiu...
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A Taste of Power
Elaine Brown"Profound, funny ... wild and moving ... heartbreaking accounts of a lonely black childhood.... Brown sees racial oppression in national and global context; every p...
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The Panther
Nelson DeMilleNew York Times bestselling author Nelson DeMille returns with another heartpounding John Corey thrillerthis time including Corey’s FBI agent wife Kate Mayfield… and their mission i...
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The Ride of a Lifetime
Robert Iger#1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER A memoir of leadership and success: The CEO of Disney shares the ideas and values he embraced while reinventing one of the world’s most beloved c...
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Panther Curse
Tasha BlackMy name is Kendall, and I’m living three lives. The first is as a legacy, a cardcarrying member of an elite group of witches whose families have attended Primrose Academy for gen...
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The Ten, Make That Nine, Habits of Very Organized People. Make That Ten.
Steve MartinThe funniest, most memorable Twitter messages from comedian and bestselling author Steve Martin, along with hilarious responses from followers. Steve Martin's uncanny ability to pa...
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To Raise a Clenched Fist to the Sky
T. Thorn CoyleThe cops and FBI are out to get them. One girl's magic may be the key to the revolution. Oakland, 1969. Eighteenyearold student and secret sorcerer Jasmine Jones didn't come t...
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Keeping Katie
Patricia KeelynHow much would your risk to protect your child? A year after her husband’s death, Maura Anderson’s adopted threeyearold daughter, Katie, is her whole world, and she’ll do anything...
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Hazard in Hawaii
Heather SilvioOne man is dead, boiled alive by an unexplained feverillness. He is just the first.When locals fall ill on the Big Island of Hawai‘i, a team with a reputation for solving unusual c...
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Panther in the Sky
James Alexander ThomRich, colorful and bursting with excitement, this remarkable story turns James Alexander Thom's power and passion for American history to the epic story of Tecumseh's life and give...
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Black Panther and Sweet 16 Volume 6
Pedoro ToriumiTaiga is a strongwilled sixteenyearold who keeps the superdangerous beastboy Anri as a pet. Thanks to Anri's support (?), Taiga's love for Kurogane, the next head of a major cosmet...
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Arkhangelsk
Elizabeth H BonesteelHead peace officer Anya Savelova believed her people, living on a hostile planet in the icebound city of Novayarkha, were the last of humanity.Until the day she learned they weren'...
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Bad Panther
Donna McDonaldSugar has a problem and Bad Panther has the purrfect solution. Dr. Sugar Jennings is an Archaeologist and an Ancient Earth Historian. She’s also the host of an ancient artifact of ...
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Blind Run
Patricia LewinEthan Decker is a specialized 'hunter' for one of the most secretive agencies of the US government. His mission it to track down ruthless international fugitives. But when a ...
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The Deserter
Nelson DeMille & Alex DemilleNEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLERAn “outstanding” (Publishers Weekly, starred review) blistering thriller featuring a brilliant and unorthodox Army investigator, his enigmatic female partn...
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The Panther Inside
Christy RiversPanther shifter Grace has never been able to control her abilities, but she hopes that reconnecting with her long lost father Mark will give her the help she needs. However, showin...
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Revolutionary Suicide
Huey P. Newton, Fredrika Newton & Ho Che AndersonThe searing, visionary memoir of founding Black Panther Huey P. Newton, in a dazzling graphic package Tracing the birth of a revolutionary, Huey P. Newton's famous and oftquoted au...
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The Pink Panther Clique
Wahida Clark, Jamila T. Davis, Aisha Hall & Sunshine Smith-WilliamsEverybody knows that if you break the law and get caught, you go to prison. But what happens when the very same people that are supposed to enforce and uphold the law, are criminal...