Steven Johnson Popular Books

Steven Johnson Biography & Facts

Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a type of severe skin reaction. Together with toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens–Johnson/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN), it forms a spectrum of disease, with SJS being less severe. Erythema multiforme (EM) is generally considered a separate condition. Early symptoms of SJS include fever and flu-like symptoms. A few days later, the skin begins to blister and peel, forming painful raw areas. Mucous membranes, such as the mouth, are also typically involved. Complications include dehydration, sepsis, pneumonia and multiple organ failure.The most common cause is certain medications such as lamotrigine, carbamazepine, allopurinol, sulfonamide antibiotics and nevirapine. Other causes can include infections such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and cytomegalovirus, or the cause may remain unknown. Risk factors include HIV/AIDS and systemic lupus erythematosus.The diagnosis of Stevens–Johnson syndrome is based on involvement of less than 10% of the skin. It is known as TEN when more than 30% of the skin is involved and considered an intermediate form when 10–30% is involved. SJS/TEN reactions are believed to follow a type IV hypersensitivity mechanism. It is also included with drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS syndrome), acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) and toxic epidermal necrolysis in a group of conditions known severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs).Treatment typically takes place in hospital such as in a burn unit or intensive care unit. Efforts may include stopping the cause, pain medication, antihistamines, antibiotics, intravenous immunoglobulins or corticosteroids. Together with TEN, SJS affects 1 to 2 people per million per year. Typical onset is under the age of 30. Skin usually regrows over two to three weeks; however, complete recovery can take months. Overall, the risk of death with SJS is 5 to 10%. Signs and symptoms SJS usually begins with fever, sore throat, and fatigue, which is commonly misdiagnosed and therefore treated with antibiotics. SJS, SJS/TEN, and TEN are often heralded by fever, sore throat, cough, and burning eyes for 1 to 3 days. Patients with these disorders frequently experience burning pain of their skin at the start of disease. Ulcers and other lesions begin to appear in the mucous membranes, almost always in the mouth and lips, but also in the genital and anal regions. Those in the mouth are usually extremely painful and reduce the patient's ability to eat or drink. Conjunctivitis occurs in about 30% of children who develop SJS. A rash of round lesions about an inch across arises on the face, trunk, arms and legs, and soles of the feet, but usually not the scalp. Causes SJS is thought to arise from a disorder of the immune system. The immune reaction can be triggered by drugs or infections. Genetic factors are associated with a predisposition to SJS. The cause of SJS is unknown in one-quarter to one-half of cases. SJS, SJS/TEN, and TEN are considered a single disease with common causes and mechanisms.Individuals expressing certain human leukocyte antigen (i.e. HLA) serotypes (i.e. genetic alleles), genetical-based T cell receptors, or variations in their efficiency to absorb, distribute to tissues, metabolize, or excrete (this combination is termed ADME) a drug are predisposed to develop SJS. Medications Although SJS can be caused by viral infections and malignancies, the main cause is medications. A leading cause appears to be the use of antibiotics, particularly sulfa drugs. Between 100 and 200 different drugs may be associated with SJS. No reliable test exists to establish a link between a particular drug and SJS for an individual case. Determining what drug is the cause is based on the time interval between first use of the drug and the beginning of the skin reaction. Drugs discontinued more than 1 month prior to onset of mucocutaneous physical findings are highly unlikely to cause SJS and TEN. SJS and TEN most often begin between 4 and 28 days after culprit drug administration. A published algorithm (ALDEN) to assess drug causality gives structured assistance in identifying the responsible medication.SJS may be caused by the medications rivaroxaban, vancomycin, allopurinol, valproate, levofloxacin, diclofenac, etravirine, isotretinoin, fluconazole, valdecoxib, sitagliptin, oseltamivir, penicillins, barbiturates, sulfonamides, phenytoin, azithromycin, oxcarbazepine, zonisamide, modafinil, lamotrigine, nevirapine, pyrimethamine, ibuprofen, ethosuximide, carbamazepine, bupropion, telaprevir, and nystatin.Medications that have traditionally been known to lead to SJS, erythema multiforme, and toxic epidermal necrolysis include sulfonamide antibiotics, penicillin antibiotics, cefixime (antibiotic), barbiturates (sedatives), lamotrigine, phenytoin (e.g., Dilantin) (anticonvulsants) and trimethoprim. Combining lamotrigine with sodium valproate increases the risk of SJS.Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a rare cause of SJS in adults; the risk is higher for older patients, women, and those initiating treatment. Typically, the symptoms of drug-induced SJS arise within a week of starting the medication. Similar to NSAIDs, paracetamol (acetaminophen) has also caused rare cases of SJS. People with systemic lupus erythematosus or HIV infections are more susceptible to drug-induced SJS. Infections The second most common cause of SJS and TEN is infection, particularly in children. This includes upper respiratory infections, otitis media, pharyngitis, and Epstein–Barr virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and cytomegalovirus infections. The routine use of medicines such as antibiotics, antipyretics and analgesics to manage infections can make it difficult to identify if cases were caused by the infection or medicines taken.Viral diseases reported to cause SJS include: herpes simplex virus (possibly; is debated), AIDS, coxsackievirus, influenza, hepatitis, and mumps.In pediatric cases, Epstein–Barr virus and enteroviruses have been associated with SJS.Recent upper respiratory tract infections have been reported by more than half of patients with SJS.Bacterial infections linked to SJS include group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, diphtheria, brucellosis, lymphogranuloma venereum, mycobacteria, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, rickettsial infections, tularemia, and typhoid.Fungal infections with coccidioidomycosis, dermatophytosis and histoplasmosis are also considered possible causes. Malaria and trichomoniasis, protozoal infections, have also been reported as causes. Pathophysiology SJS is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction in which a drug or its metabolite stimulates cytotoxic T cells (i.e. CD8+ T cells) and T helper cells (i.e. CD4+ T cells) to initiate autoimmune reactions that attack self tissues. In particular, it is a type IV, subtype IVc, delayed hypersensitivity reaction dependent in part on the tissue-injuring actio.... Discover the Steven Johnson popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Steven Johnson books.

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  • How We Got to Now by Steven Johnson - A 15-minute Summary synopsis, comments

    How We Got to Now by Steven Johnson - A 15-minute Summary

    InstaRead Summaries

    PLEASE NOTE: This is a summary of the book and NOT the original book.  How We Got to Now by Steven Johnson A 15minute Summary.   Inside this Instaread Summary:...

  • Not Much of a Crime synopsis, comments

    Not Much of a Crime

    Steven W. Johnson

    Allison King finds herself embroiled in a fight for her life when she decides to campaign for a vacant seat on the town council of Charleston, Nevada.Does she have what it takes to...

  • Steven A. V. Johnson County Board Of Commissioners synopsis, comments

    Steven A. V. Johnson County Board Of Commissioners

    Wyoming Supreme Court

    NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Second. Readers are requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Buil...

  • Leadership synopsis, comments

    Leadership

    Doris Kearns Goodwin

    From Pulitzer Prize–winning author and esteemed presidential historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, an invaluable guide to the development and exercise of leadership from Abraham Lincoln,...

  • Steven Mark Johnson v. State Texas synopsis, comments

    Steven Mark Johnson v. State Texas

    Supreme Court Of Utah

    Appellant, Steven Mark Johnson, was convicted of murder in a trial by jury. After making an affirmative finding that appellant used a deadly weapon, the jury assessed punishment at...

  • Steven L. Johnson v. Susan J. Johnson synopsis, comments

    Steven L. Johnson v. Susan J. Johnson

    Supreme Court of South Dakota

    Susan J. Johnson appeals the judgment and decree of divorce entered August 30, 1990. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand. FACTS

  • Walking on the Wind synopsis, comments

    Walking on the Wind

    Michael Tlanusta Garrett

    In the spirit of the highly acclaimed Medicine of the Cherokee, coauthored with his father J. T. Garrett, Michael Garrett shares with us the delightful, allages stories passed down...

  • The Curious Misadventures of Tubby Wexler, Private Investigator synopsis, comments

    The Curious Misadventures of Tubby Wexler, Private Investigator

    Steven W. Johnson

    Tubby Wexler believes he is the personification of the pulp magazine detectives of the 30s, 40s, and 50s. He has all the trappings, a rundown office in a dilapidated building, a fa...

  • Steven Mark Johnson v. State Texas synopsis, comments

    Steven Mark Johnson v. State Texas

    Sixth District, Texarkana Court of Appeals of Texas

    Johnson was convicted of murder in a trial by jury. The jury also made an affirmative finding that Johnson used a deadly weapon and set his punishment at forty years confinement wi...

  • Steven D. Johnson v. Yeshiva University Et Al. synopsis, comments

    Steven D. Johnson v. Yeshiva University Et Al.

    Court of Appeals of New York

    [42 N.Y.2d 818 Page 819] Memorandum. The plaintiff mother gave birth to the infant plaintiff, who, born a criduchat child, was doomed by that condition to a life of helpless physi...

  • The Idealist synopsis, comments

    The Idealist

    Justin Peters

    This smart, “riveting” (Los Angeles Times) history of the Internet free culture movement and its larger effects on societyand the life and shocking suicide of Aaron Swartz, a found...

  • Soccer At Sandford synopsis, comments

    Soccer At Sandford

    Rob Childs

    Jeff Thompson is delighted to be picked as captain of Sanford Primary School’s football team. With an enthusiastic new teacher and a team full of talent – not least that of loner G...

  • The Creeps synopsis, comments

    The Creeps

    John Connolly

    In this delightfully imaginative novel, once again, hell threatens to break loose as Samuel Johnson and his ragtag group of friends must defend their town from shadowy forces more ...

  • Justice on Trial synopsis, comments

    Justice on Trial

    Eric Steven Johnson

    Attempting to recapture their normal lives, Crusaders Enforcer and The Universal venture out in their civilian identities for a night on the town. Their moment of rest is interrupt...

  • Reaching Rose synopsis, comments

    Reaching Rose

    SM Johnson

    Biology professor Nicole Louis has faith only in the randomness of nature. As such, she is banned from sevenyearold Rose Wilson. After Rose witnesses a savage act of violence again...

  • State Minnesota v. Steven Bruce Johnson synopsis, comments

    State Minnesota v. Steven Bruce Johnson

    Court of Appeals of North Carolina

    The certification process by which a misdemeanor is treated as a petty misdemeanor is a matter of procedural law governed by Rule 23.04, Minnesota Rules of Criminal Procedure.

  • The Noble Renaissance synopsis, comments

    The Noble Renaissance

    Carrie Lloyd

    Discover the Seven Virtues of NobilityDo you ever wonder who you are, why you are here, and what really makes life worth living? Or perhaps something is holding you back from belie...

  • Matter Jeanne M. Johnson v. Steven Katz synopsis, comments

    Matter Jeanne M. Johnson v. Steven Katz

    Court of Appeals of New York

    Disposition On review of submissions pursuant to section 500.4 of the Rules of the Court of Appeals (22 NYCRR 500.4), order affirmed, with costs, in a memorandum.

  • The Last Human synopsis, comments

    The Last Human

    Eric Steven Johnson

    The Last Human is a PostPostApocalyptic short fiction story following the life of the last human survivor of the second robot apocalypse. Jay has been wandering aimlessly for ages ...

  • Confessions of a Mad Man synopsis, comments

    Confessions of a Mad Man

    Eric Steven Johnson

    The year is 2030 and one of the world's most notorious criminals, Nathaniel David Hamilton has finally been captured. CIA Agents Deacons and Jennings undertake the daunting task of...

  • The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Presidents, Part 2 synopsis, comments

    The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Presidents, Part 2

    Steven F. Hayward

    A book to challenge the status quo, spark a debate, and get people talking about the issues and questions we face as a country!

  • The Gates synopsis, comments

    The Gates

    John Connolly

    Bursting with imagination and impossible to put down, this “wholly original” (People) and “refreshing” (San Francisco Chronicle) novel from New York Times bestselling author John C...

  • SUMMARY - Where Good Ideas Come From by Steven Johnson synopsis, comments

    SUMMARY - Where Good Ideas Come From by Steven Johnson

    Shortcut Edition

    Our summary is short, simple and pragmatic. It allows you to have the essential ideas of a big book in less than 30 minutes. You will discover the springs of innovation and progr...

  • Standing Out synopsis, comments

    Standing Out

    Eric Steven Johnson

    One year has passed since the events of 'Confessions of a Mad Man' and the world remains in a state of turmoil. 'Standing Out' follows the newest Crusader, Jade, on her first solo ...