Van Allen Popular Books
Van Allen Biography & Facts
Van Allen radiation belt is a zone of energetic charged particles, most of which originate from the solar wind, that are captured by and held around a planet by that planet's magnetosphere. Earth has two such belts, and sometimes others may be temporarily created. The belts are named after James Van Allen, who is often credited with their discovery. Earth's two main belts extend from an altitude of about 640 to 58,000 km (400 to 36,040 mi) above the surface, in which region radiation levels vary. The belts are in the inner region of Earth's magnetic field. They trap energetic electrons and protons. Other nuclei, such as alpha particles, are less prevalent. Most of the particles that form the belts are thought to come from the solar wind while others arrive as cosmic rays. By trapping the solar wind, the magnetic field deflects those energetic particles and protects the atmosphere from destruction. The belts endanger satellites, which must have their sensitive components protected with adequate shielding if they spend significant time near that zone. Apollo Astronauts going through the Van Allen Belts received a very low and unharmful dose of radiation. In 2013, the Van Allen Probes detected a transient, third radiation belt, which persisted for four weeks. Discovery Kristian Birkeland, Carl Størmer, Nicholas Christofilos, and Enrico Medi had investigated the possibility of trapped charged particles before the Space Age. The second Soviet satellite Sputnik 2 which had detectors designed by Sergei Vernov, followed by the US satellites Explorer 1 and Explorer 3, confirmed the existence of the belt in early 1958, later named after James Van Allen from the University of Iowa. The trapped radiation was first mapped by Explorer 4, Pioneer 3, and Luna 1. The term Van Allen belts refers specifically to the radiation belts surrounding Earth; however, similar radiation belts have been discovered around other planets. The Sun does not support long-term radiation belts, as it lacks a stable, global dipole field. The Earth's atmosphere limits the belts' particles to regions above 200–1,000 km, (124–620 miles) while the belts do not extend past 8 Earth radii RE. The belts are confined to a volume which extends about 65° on either side of the celestial equator. Research The NASA Van Allen Probes mission aims at understanding (to the point of predictability) how populations of relativistic electrons and ions in space form or change in response to changes in solar activity and the solar wind. NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts–funded studies have proposed magnetic scoops to collect antimatter that naturally occurs in the Van Allen belts of Earth, although only about 10 micrograms of antiprotons are estimated to exist in the entire belt. The Van Allen Probes mission successfully launched on August 30, 2012. The primary mission was scheduled to last two years with expendables expected to last four. The probes were deactivated in 2019 after running out of fuel and are expected to deorbit during the 2030s. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center manages the Living With a Star program—of which the Van Allen Probes were a project, along with Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). The Applied Physics Laboratory was responsible for the implementation and instrument management for the Van Allen Probes. Radiation belts exist around other planets and moons in the solar system that have magnetic fields powerful enough to sustain them. To date, most of these radiation belts have been poorly mapped. The Voyager Program (namely Voyager 2) only nominally confirmed the existence of similar belts around Uranus and Neptune. Geomagnetic storms can cause electron density to increase or decrease relatively quickly (i.e., approximately one day or less). Longer-timescale processes determine the overall configuration of the belts. After electron injection increases electron density, electron density is often observed to decay exponentially. Those decay time constants are called "lifetimes." Measurements from the Van Allen Probe B's Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS) show long electron lifetimes (i.e., longer than 100 days) in the inner belt; short electron lifetimes of around one or two days are observed in the "slot" between the belts; and energy-dependent electron lifetimes of roughly five to 20 days are found in the outer belt. Inner belt The inner Van Allen Belt extends typically from an altitude of 0.2 to 2 Earth radii (L values of 1.2 to 3) or 1,000 km (620 mi) to 12,000 km (7,500 mi) above the Earth. In certain cases, when solar activity is stronger or in geographical areas such as the South Atlantic Anomaly, the inner boundary may decline to roughly 200 km above the Earth's surface. The inner belt contains high concentrations of electrons in the range of hundreds of keV and energetic protons with energies exceeding 100 MeV—trapped by the relatively strong magnetic fields in the region (as compared to the outer belt). It is thought that proton energies exceeding 50 MeV in the lower belts at lower altitudes are the result of the beta decay of neutrons created by cosmic ray collisions with nuclei of the upper atmosphere. The source of lower energy protons is believed to be proton diffusion, due to changes in the magnetic field during geomagnetic storms. Due to the slight offset of the belts from Earth's geometric center, the inner Van Allen belt makes its closest approach to the surface at the South Atlantic Anomaly. In March 2014, a pattern resembling "zebra stripes" was observed in the radiation belts by the Radiation Belt Storm Probes Ion Composition Experiment (RBSPICE) onboard Van Allen Probes. The initial theory proposed in 2014 was that—due to the tilt in Earth's magnetic field axis—the planet's rotation generated an oscillating, weak electric field that permeates through the entire inner radiation belt. A 2016 study instead concluded that the zebra stripes were an imprint of ionospheric winds on radiation belts. Outer belt The outer belt consists mainly of high-energy (0.1–10 MeV) electrons trapped by the Earth's magnetosphere. It is more variable than the inner belt, as it is more easily influenced by solar activity. It is almost toroidal in shape, beginning at an altitude of 3 Earth radii and extending to 10 Earth radii (RE)—13,000 to 60,000 kilometres (8,100 to 37,300 mi) above the Earth's surface. Its greatest intensity is usually around 4 to 5 RE. The outer electron radiation belt is mostly produced by inward radial diffusion and local acceleration due to transfer of energy from whistler-mode plasma waves to radiation belt electrons. Radiation belt electrons are also constantly removed by collisions with Earth's atmosphere, losses to the magnetopause, and their outward radial diffusion. The gyroradii of energetic protons would be large enough to bring them into contact with the Earth's atmosphere. Within this belt, the electrons have a high flux and at the outer edge (close to th.... Discover the Van Allen popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Van Allen books.
Best Seller Van Allen Books of 2024
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Bear
Van AllenIn this fulllength novel by Van Allen, a young couple hopes to rekindle their relationship in a remote mountain cabin. Their getaway from the city quickly turns into a desperate fi...
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Free Me
Kimberley AshWhen you love something, let it go... To everyone in his hometown, Matthias Van Allen is a hero. Back from his posting as an army medic, he's welcomed with a party the whole town a...
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I Tawt I Taw a Putty Tat
Van AllenIn this short short story, Special Agent Trent Johansen finds himself reassigned to the Phoenix Field Office because he is just too good at his job for his own good, or so he liked...
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Sail On
Will Van AllenAfter writing a pioneering TV drama series in the nineties and knowing nothing but success afterwards, Adam Donovan mysteriously abandons Hollywood for his hometown of Redmond, Was...
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The Elizas
Sara ShepardHarper’s Bazaar | 10 New Books to Add to Your Reading List in 2018 Cosmopolitan | Best April Ever Roundup Bustle | 35 Most Anticipated Fiction Books of 2018 PopSugar | 10 of the M...
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Hire the Right People and Win Big
Van AllenThe goal of an organizational selection process is to add people to the organization (fill positions) who will benefit the organization. Likewise, a secondary goal must be to keep ...
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Van Allen v. the Assessors
United States Supreme CourtThe decree of the Court of Appeals, from which this case comes to us, must be reversed, on the ground that the enabling act of the State of New York, passed March 9, 1865, does not...
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The Visibles
Sara ShepardThis #1 New York Times bestselling author of the “spinechilling thriller that blurs the lines of fact and fiction” (Mary Kubica, New York Times bestselling author) The Elizas weave...
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Nick and Jake
Jonathan Richards & Tad RichardsAmerica in 1953 seems hellbent on squandering the flood tide of international goodwill earned in WWII. Senator Joe McCarthy is on a redhunting rampage in Washington, and the fledgl...
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Midnight on the Water
Pam Van AllenHorace, trapped in a boring, mundane life, escapes into his exciting lucid dreams. Within them, he becomes a heroic knight, a Native American shaman and a Merry Man. His real life ...
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Forget Me
Kimberley AshHe’s the man she left behind, but never forgot... Laurel Moore might have had to leave her prized job as an assistant chef in one of NYC's swankiest restaurants to take care of her...
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CNSEV Tormalinas, Lost
Van AllenThe Commonwealth of Nations Stellar Exploration Vessel 119, CNSEV Tormalinas is a readyforanything galactic xenoarchaeological exploration vessel. Exploring the deepest, darkest co...
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Vince E. Van Allen v. State Indiana
Second District Court of Appeals of IndianaDefendantAppellant Ronald Ray Little pleaded guilty to one count of attempted murder and one count of robbery, both class A felonies. Subsequently, the trial court granted his Peti...
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Forgive Me
Kimberley AshWhen past and present collide…. When Piper Mahoney and Lucas Richardson randomly run into each other in the lobby of a NYC hotel that Piper manages three years after they shared on...
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James Van Allen
Abigail FoerstnerAstrophysicist and space pioneer James Van Allen (1914–2006), for whom the Van Allen radiation belts were named, was among the principal scientific investigators for twentyfour spa...
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The Old Man in the Hospital
Van AllenShort simple memoirs of my life. Sometimes horrible people come into your life to help you learn important lessons. This story describes my stay in the hospital. I talk about the o...
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Hidden Destruction
Allen van der LindeAlthough a novel, Hidden Destruction is Allen van der Linde's seamless account of a history that dragged a country into a long, bloodied conflict.Laurence lived on a farm in an are...
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Jasper and Van
Van AllenShort simple memoirs of my life growing up in Houston, Texas. In this very short story, two young whimsical boys go off on an adventure to find monsters, instead they find plenty o...
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The Secret Society of The Great Pumpkin
Van AllenDisclaimer: My story is laced with gobs of profanity. My heavy use of swear words is very likely to be offensive to meemaws, church ladies, and a bunch of men too.While it’s true t...
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Georgiana Mcelwain v. Allen L. Van Beek
Court of Appeals of MinnesotaPhysician did not commit medical malpractice when a nonpatient fainted and injured herself in the emergency room. Affirmed.
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Allen Etc. v. Van Buren Township Etc.
Supreme Court Of IndianaAppellees call our attention to the fact that the mandate in the opinion handed down in this case instructs the lower court to issue the injunction "as prayed." [ Allen v. Van Bure...
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Five Legends, Five Guitars
Pam Van AllenIn 1988, five music legends wrote and recorded an album in ten days. How? They used their superpowers from an alternate universe, of course.In this blend of fact and fiction, learn...