Reseña de Creating "the Propaganda of History": Southern Editors and the Origins of Carpetbagger and Scalawag.

Creating "the Propaganda of History": Southern Editors and the Origins of Carpetbagger and Scalawag. de Journal of Southern History Resumen del Libro

ONE READS THE TRUER DEEPER FACTS OF RECONSTRUCTION WITH A GREAT despair," wrote W. E. B. Du Bois. "It is at once so simple and human, and yet so futile." (1) Du Bois's words from nearly three quarters of a century ago still resonate. How could something so noble end in such anguish and injustice? Historians have offered many explanations for the precipitous collapse of Radical Reconstruction. They have stressed the North's failure to redistribute confiscated southern lands to ex-slaves, leaving freedpeople economically dependent on white landowners. They have explained that southern governments based on black suffrage never obtained legitimacy in the eyes of most white Americans. They have assessed the terrible damage done by the Ku Klux Klan and the White Leagues. They have observed the waning idealism of northern Republicans and how quickly the North wearied of deploying the U.S. Army to protect southern radicals. They have studied the harm done by corruption and by the chronic factionalism that crippled southern Republican regimes. They have observed that southern freedpeople, with their constant cries for government protection, came to be seen in the North--like striking factory workers--as enemies of a free labor economy. And time and time again historians have pointed to the common denominator underlying all of these factors: the profound racism that permeated American society, North and South. (2) In their manifold efforts to explain Reconstruction's demise, however, historians have largely overlooked a key element: the hostility of southern journalists. In 1867 Congress nullified the postwar governments created by President Andrew Johnson, leaving the Democratic press as the only institution in the South fully under the control of native whites and in a position to oppose northern policy. Southern newsmen picked up the gauntlet and, at the moment of seeming northern triumph, mounted a counteroffensive against what they saw as alien, radical governments being imposed on the region. Before the North realized it, southern editors had seized the rhetorical high ground, crying "Negro Rule" with renewed vigor. They coupled this old trope with the new symbols scalawag and carpetbagger, castigating "Negro-scalawag rule" and, even more effective, "Negro-carpetbag rule." The result was a trio of symbols that defined the ideological parameters of the era. By 1870, no political actor in either the North or the South could discuss the future of Reconstruction without--in some fashion--engaging this rhetoric.

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