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El Whitecapping fue un movimiento entre los agricultores que ocurrió específicamente en los Estados Unidos durante finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX.[1] Originalmente era una forma ritualizada de acciones extralegales para hacer cumplir los estándares tradicionales comunitarios, el comportamiento apropiado y las normas tradicionales. Sin embargo, a medida que se extendió por las áreas más pobres del sur rural después de la Guerra Civil, los miembros blancos operaron desde prejuicios contra los negros y motivados por los problemas económicos de la zona. Los estados aprobaron leyes en su contra, pero el movimiento continuó hasta principios del siglo XX.[2] Después de que se institucionalizó en la ley formal, su definición legal se volvió más general que el movimiento específico describiéndolo como: "(El Whitecapping) es el delito de amenazar a una persona con violencia. Por lo general, los miembros de los grupos minoritarios son víctimas de whitecapping".[3] El Whitecapping se asoció históricamente con grupos insurgentes como los Jinetes nocturnos, Bald Knobbers y el Ku Klux Klan. Fueron conocidos por cometer "actos extralegales de violencia contra grupos selectos, llevados a cabo por vigilantes al amparo de la noche o disfrazados".[4][5] Historia (1837-1972) El movimiento Whitecapping comenzó en Indiana alrededor de 1837, cuando los hombres blancos comenzaron a formar sociedades secretas con el fin de intentar brindar lo que consideraban justicia en la frontera independiente del estado. Estos grupos se conocieron como los "White Caps".[6] Las primeras operaciones de White Cap generalmente estaban dirigidas a aquellos que iban en contra de los valores de una comunidad. Los hombres que descuidaban o maltrataban a su familia, las personas que mostraban una pereza excesiva y las mujeres que tenían hijos fuera del matrimonio eran sus objetivos comunes. [4][7] A medida que el movimiento se extendió a los estados del sur durante la década de 1890 después de la Reconstrucción, se observó período de creciente violencia racial contra los negros por parte de los blancos, siendo estos sus nuevos objetivos. En el sur, las sociedades de White Cap estaban generalmente compuestas por agricultores blancos pobres, frecuentemente aparceros y pequeños terratenientes, que operaban para controlar a los trabajadores negros y evitar que los comerciantes adquirieran más tierras.[8] En el sur, los Whitecaps intentó obligar a las víctimas a abandonar su hogar o propiedad por medio de intimidación.[9] Se cree que la escalada en el sur se relacionó con las tensiones de la depresión agrícola posbélica que se produjo inmediatamente después de la Guerra Civil. El Sur tenía problemas con la sobreproducción y la caída de los precios de las cosechas. Con la atención centrada en la producción de algodón, la economía del Sur se volvió muy desequilibrada. Muchos agricultores se endeudaron y perdieron sus tierras a manos de los comerciantes a través de ejecuciones hipotecarias.[10] Los desposeídos se volvieron contra los comerciantes, los trabajadores afroamericanos y, a veces, los nuevos inquilinos blancos. El racismo también contribuyó al problema. Los hombres negros prósperos, o simplemente los afroamericanos que adquirieron tierras en el sur, se enfrentaban con frecuencia a resentimientos que podían expresarse con violencia.[11] Los White Caps también fueron parte del esfuerzo de los blancos para mantener el supremacismo, particularmente en la economía.[12] La población mexicoamericana también fueron víctimas de encubrimiento, particularmente en el estado de Texas.[13] Muchas sociedades de White Cap se disolvieron en 1894 y sus miembros fueron castigados con multas. Algunos gobiernos estatales estaban decididos a disolver las sociedades White Cap que operaban en sus regiones. El Gobernador de Misisipi James K. Vardaman se reunió un grupo de trabajo ejecutivo en 1904 para recopilar información sobre los miembros de este movimiento. Temía que la violencia alejara a demasiados trabajadores negros de la economía estatal, ya que el número de linchamientos también era alto en el estado.[9] Varios miembros activos de los Whitecaps fueron detenidos y castigados por el estado a principios del siglo XX.[9] Los miembros activos de los Whitecaps fueron encontrados y castigados por estados a principios del siglo XX.[14] Aunque los efectos económicos negativos de la violencia encubierta fueron la razón principal de la respuesta del estado a la anarquía, los líderes políticos a menudo expresaron los valores del cristianismo como la razón principal para acabar con el movimiento.[15] En Oklahoma, tanto los colonos blancos como los negros emigraron al Territorio de Oklahoma después de su creación y apertura para el asentamiento en 1890, con líderes inmigrantes negros como Edward P. McCabe proclamando Oklahoma como una nueva oportunidad para escapar del racismo en otras partes del sur. Después de la ola inicial de asentamientos, las tensiones finalmente aumentaron, especialmente en las ciudades mestizas. Los Whitecappers amenazaría con la violencia y alentaría a los negros en áreas de raza mixta a mudarse, así como también amenazaría a los granjeros negros que se consideraba que controlaban demasiadas tierras y competían con los granjeros blancos. Como resultado, Oklahoma se volvió bastante segregada, con algunas ciudades anteriormente mixtas que se volvieron completamente blancas; los residentes negros generalmente vivían en pueblos totalmente negros. La historia popular y la percepción del estado generalmente omitieron a sus residentes negros, especialmente durante el siglo XX, retratando solo a blancos e indios estadounidenses debido a la exitosa campaña de la población blanca para alejar a la población de color de la vista en la mayor parte del estado..[16][17] Durante muchos años, la escalada no solo afectó a las personas, sino también a las comunidades y los condados en su conjunto. En el sur, la cobertura blanca disuadió a muchos comerciantes e industriales de hacer negocios en los condados. Sumado a los miles de asesinatos cometidos por blancos en linchamientos de negros, el velo blanco amenazaba con ahuyentar a los trabajadores negros.[18] A partir de la época de la Primera Guerra Mundial, decenas de miles de negros rurales comenzaron a irse en la Gran Migración, y 1,5 millones partieron hacia las ciudades industriales del norte y medio oeste en 1940. A fines del siglo XX, el whitecapping continuaba siendo un problema en el sur, en Misisipi se aprobó una ley de 1972 que criminalizaba su práctica. El estatuto dice lo siguiente: "Cualquier persona o personas que, mediante carteles u otra escritura, o verbalmente, intente mediante amenazas, directas o implícitas, de dañar a la persona o propiedad de otro, intimidar a esa otra persona para que abandone o cambio de hogar o empleo, al ser declarado culpable, será multado que no exceda de quinientos dólares, o encarcelado en la cárcel.... Descubre los libros populares de Journal Of Southern History. Encuentra los 100 libros más populares de Journal Of Southern History
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American Mediterranean: Southern Slaveholders in the Age of Emancipation (A Confluence of Transatlantic Networks: Elites, Capitalism, And Confederate Migration to Brazil) (The Problem of Emancipation: The Caribbean Roots of the American Civil War) (Book Review)
Journal of Southern HistoryAmerican Mediterranean: Southern Slaveholders in the Age of Emancipation. By Matthew Pratt Guterl. (Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press, 2008. Pp. [xii], 237. $4...
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Southern History in Periodicals, 2007: a Selected Bibliography (Bibliography)
Journal of Southern HistoryTHIS CLASSIFIED BIBLIOGRAPHY INCLUDES MOST SCHOLARLY ARTICLES IN the field of southern history published in periodicals in 2007 except for descriptive or genealogical writings of p...
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Ties That Bind, Bonds That Break: Children in the Reorganization of Households in Postemancipation Virginia (Essay)
Journal of Southern HistoryON JANUARY 13, 1868, MARCUS STERLING HOPKINS REFLECTED ON A busy day of mediating disputes in his makeshift offices in Gordonsville, Virginia. In his diary, Hopkins gave free voice...
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The Southern Historical Association: Seventy-Five Years of History "in the South" and "of the South".
Journal of Southern HistoryON OCTOBER 22, 1935, ALABAMA JOURNALIST JOHN TEMPLE GRAVES II greeted his Birmingham radio audience with news about a "historic event" taking place that week in their own city: the...
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"Scalawags," Southern Honor, And the Lost Cause: Explaining the Fatal Encounter of James H. Cosgrove and Edward L. Pierson (Essay)
Journal of Southern HistoryON THE MORNING OF DECEMBER 26, 1875, JAMES H. COSGROVE AND Edward L. Pierson, two white men in their early thirties, both of them natives of Louisiana and Confederate veterans, enc...
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Annual Report of the Secretary-Treasurer (Southern Historical Association) (Report)
Journal of Southern HistoryFOR MANY OF US, THE YEAR 2009 FOR THE SOUTHERN HISTORICAL Association will be remembered most by the sudden death in August of our president, Jack Temple Kirby. This is the only ti...
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Southern History in Periodicals, 2005: a Selected Bibliography (Bibliography)
Journal of Southern HistoryTHIS CLASSIFIED BIBLIOGRAPHY INCLUDES MOST SCHOLARLY ARTICLES IN the field of southern history published in periodicals in 2005 except for descriptive or genealogical writings of p...
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Historical News and Notices (Annual Meeting of the Southern Historical Association) (University of Alabama Promoted Stephen J. Miller ) (James Albritton Joins Huntingdon College)
Journal of Southern HistoryTHE ASSOCIATION The seventythird annual meeting of the Southern Historical Association will be held Wednesday through Saturday, October 31November 3, 2007, at the Marriott in do...
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Let Us Descend
Jesmyn WardOPRAH’S BOOK CLUB PICK Instant New York Times Bestseller Named one of the best books of 2023 by The Washington Post, Vanity Fair, The Boston Globe, Time, The New Yorker, and more...
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The Scopes Trial and Southern Fundamentalism in Black and White: Race, Region, And Religion.
Journal of Southern HistoryTHE ANTIEVOLUTION MOVEMENT OF THE 1920s DEMONSTRATED THAT SOME aspects of Protestant fundamentalism flourished with particular vigor in the American South. Although fundamentalism,...
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A Region in Harmony: Southern Music and the Sound Track of Freedom.
Journal of Southern HistoryIT HAD BEEN A SCORCHING DAY ON THE SOUTH CAROLINA COAST IN THE summer of 1949, and it promised to be a steamy evening. Out on the beach the lifeguards had already taken down the um...
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Southern History in Periodicals, 2003: a Selected Bibliography (Bibliography)
Journal of Southern HistoryTHIS CLASSIFIED BIBLIOGRAPHY INCLUDES MOST SCHOLARLY ARTICLES IN the field of southern history published in periodicals in 2003 except for descriptive or genealogical writings of p...
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Southern History in Periodicals, 2010: a Selected Bibliography (Bibliography)
Journal of Southern HistoryTHIS CLASSIFIED BIBLIOGRAPHY INCLUDES MOST SCHOLARLY ARTICLES in the field of southern history published in periodicals in 2010 except for descriptive or genealogical writings of p...
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When Community Comes Home to Roost: The Southern Milltown As Lost Cause (Cooleemee)
Journal of Social History'Community' remains something of a mantra for social historians. Not only as a favored unit of analysisas in the perennial community studybut often as a practical, public history p...
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The Role of Elite Leadership in the Southern Defense of Segregation, 1954-1964 (Essay)
Journal of Southern HistoryDURING THE TWENTYFIVE YEARS OF CIVIL RIGHTS PROTEST AND reform that followed World War H, white southern leaders' determined choice of resistance over acquiescence inspired and enc...
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Southern History in Periodicals, 2008: a Selected Bibliography (Bibliography)
Journal of Southern HistoryTHIS CLASSIFIED BIBLIOGRAPHY INCLUDES MOST SCHOLARLY ARTICLES in the field of southern history published in periodicals in 2008 except for descriptive or genealogical writings of p...
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The Southern Ties of Helen Keller (Biography)
Journal of Southern HistoryTHOUGH HELEN KELLER LEFT HER PARENTS' HOME IN TUSCUMBIA, Alabama, at the young age of eight, the culture, people, and sensory adventures of her native state were essential to her o...
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Ancestrydotbomb: Genealogy, Genomics, Mischief, Mystery, And Southern Family Stories (Essay)
Journal of Southern HistoryBeing just a little boy, I couldn't really follow most of what [Grandmother Palmer and her sisters] said.... But slowly, from hearing the stories each passing summer, I began to re...
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World war II Manufacturing and the Postwar Southern Economy.
Journal of Southern HistoryMANY SCHOLARS CONSIDER THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE SOUTHERN economy after World War II to be a central element of the regional and economic history of the United States in the twenti...
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Women, Gender, Families, And Households in the Southern Colonies.
Journal of Southern HistoryFAMILY, GENDER, AND HOUSEHOLD RELATIONSHIPS ASSUME CENTER STAGE in fictional portrayals of southern life from Absalom, Absalom to Steel Magnolias. By contrast, historians showed li...
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Learning to Live with Nature: Colonial Historians and the Southern Environment.
Journal of Southern HistoryWHEN CAPTAIN CHRISTOPHER NEWPORT GUIDED THREE SMALL SHIPS UP the James River in the spring of 1607, he and the hundred or so colonists on board had little reason to worry about the...
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The Bulldozer Revolution: Suburbs and Southern History Since World War Ii (Essay)
Journal of Southern HistoryA GENERATION AGO, A STATEOFTHEFIELD FORUM ON SOUTHERN history would have included an entry on cities rather than suburbs. Ever since the World War II era, southern historians have ...
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The Corporeal and Ocular Veil: Dr. Matilda A. Evans (1872-1935) and the Complexity of Southern History.
Journal of Southern HistoryAfter the Egyptian and Indian, the Greek and Roman, the Teuton and Mongolian, the Negro is a sort of seventh son, born with a veil, and gifted with secondsight in this American wor...
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Private Journal Of Henry Francis Brooke, Late Brigadier-General Commanding 2nd Infantry Brigade Kandahar Field Force,
Brigadier Henry Francis Brooke“This is an essential book for anyone interested in warfare in Afghanistan. The author, Henry Brooke was given a brigade to command in the field, but soon found himself cooped up b...
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Southern History in Periodicals, 2009: a Selected Bibliography (Bibliography)
Journal of Southern HistoryTHIS CLASSIFIED BIBLIOGRAPHY INCLUDES MOST SCHOLARLY ARTICLES in the field of southern history published in periodicals in 2009 except for descriptive or genealogical writings of p...
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Jesse Helms's Politics of Pious Incitement: Race, Conservatism, And Southern Realignment in the 1950S (Report)
Journal of Southern HistoryIN THE SOUTH, A REGION WHERE CULTURAL AND RACIAL CONSERVATISM coexisted with loyalty to the Democratic Party and wide support for liberal economic policies, Jesse Helms became a pi...
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The Southern Historical Association and the Quest for Racial Justice, 1954-1963.
Journal of Southern HistoryIN NOVEMBER 1955, IN A NATION GRAPPLING WITH THE SUPREME COURT'S Brown v. Board of Education decision of the previous year, the Southern Historical Association (SHA) met in Memphis...
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Historical News and Notices (Southern Historical Association Holds Annual Meeting in Atlanta) (Arkansas Tech University Promotes James L. Moses) (Auburn University Appoints Charles A. Israel, And Joseph M. Turrini)
Journal of Southern HistoryTHE ASSOCIATION The seventyfirst annual meeting of the Southern Historical Association will be held Wednesday through Saturday, November 26, 2005, in Atlanta, with the Westin Peach...
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Virginia's Northern Strategy: Southern Segregationists and the Route to National Conservatism.
Journal of Southern HistoryIN LATE JULY 1962, A DELEGATION OF THIRTY REPUBLICAN LEGISLATORS from Pennsylvania arrived in Williamsburg, Virginia. Among the party were some of the Keystone State's most powerfu...
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Southern Academic Ambitions Meet German Scholarship: The Leipzig Networks of Vanderbilt University's James H. Kirkland in the Late Nineteenth Century (Report)
Journal of Southern HistoryIN THE EARLY TWENTYFIRST CENTURY MANY U.S. CITIZENS ARE AWARE OF a few great U.S. universities that happen to be located in the South. Some of these institutions have been around f...
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Southern History in Periodicals, 2002: a Selected Bibliography (Bibliography)
Journal of Southern HistoryTHIS CLASSIFIED BIBLIOGRAPHY INCLUDES MOST SCHOLARLY ARTICLES IN the field of Southern history published in periodicals in 2002 except for descriptive or genealogical writings of p...
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Contentious and Collected: Memory's Future in Southern History (Report)
Journal of Southern HistoryTHE SOUTH IS A PROMINENT SITE OF WHAT KERWIN LEE KLEIN describes as the "memory industry." (1) Journalists and scholars alike have shown keen interest in tracing the historical ori...
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"the Worst Kind of Slavery": Slave-Owning Presbyterian Churches in Prince Edward County, Virginia (Report)
Journal of Southern HistoryIN 1851 PRESBYTERIAN MINISTER WILLIAM HILL LOOKED BACK OVER HIS LONG life of service to his faith and wrote his autobiography. Hill spent part of his ministry at Briery Presbyteria...
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Southern History As U.S. History.
Journal of Southern HistoryWHAT IS SOUTHERN HISTORY? MORE TO THE POINT, WHAT IS "THE South"? It is a place defined as much by social, cultural, and political dynamics as it is by geography. I am reminded of ...
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Constructing, Destroying, And Reconstructing Difference: The Mexican Nation and Cultural Difference (R. Aida Hernandez Castillo, Histories and Stories from Chiapas: Border Identities in Southern Mexico; Claudio Lomnitz, Deep Mexico, Silent Mexico: An Anthropology of Nationalism; June C. Nash, Mayan Visions: The Quest for Autonomy in an Age of Globalization) (Book Review)
Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean StudiesAnthropological studies of Mexico in the twentieth century (like anthropology elsewhere) began with a heavy emphasis on fieldwork that usually lasted a year in a single community. ...
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Reading, Intimacy, And the Role of Uncle Remus in White Southern Social Memory.
Journal of Southern HistoryYou see, my grandmother explained to me that when a black woman went into a white family's house as the cook and the baby sitter, this is the role of the mother.... [T]hat child is...
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African Americans, Labor Unions, And the Struggle for Fair Employment in the Aircraft Manufacturing Industry of Texas, 1941-1945.
Journal of Southern HistoryDON ELLINGER WAS A FRUSTRATED MAN IN THE SUMMER OF 1944. LEAD examiner for the Region X office of the Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) in Dallas, Texas, Ellinger and a sma...
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Southern History in Periodicals, 2006: a Selected Bibliography (Bibliography)
Journal of Southern HistoryTHIS CLASSIFIED BIBLIOGRAPHY INCLUDES MOST SCHOLARLY ARTICLES IN the field of southern history published in periodicals in 2006 except for descriptive or genealogical writings of p...
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New Tracks in North America. A journal of travel and adventure whilst engaged in the survey for a Southern Railroad to the Pacific Ocean during 1867-8. [With plates and a map.] VOL. II
William Abraham BellThe HISTORY OF TRAVEL collection includes books from the British Library digitised by Microsoft. This collection contains personal narratives, travel guides and documentary account...
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The Southern Middle Class (Essay)
Journal of Southern HistoryIN THE LAST FEW YEARS THE HISTORIOGRAPHY ON THE NINETEENTHCENTURY South, particularly the antebellum period, has shifted significantly. In contrast to historians' views during the ...
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Southern History in Periodicals, 2004: a Selected Bibliography.
Journal of Southern HistoryTHIS CLASSIFIED BIBLIOGRAPHY INCLUDES MOST SCHOLARLY ARTICLES IN the field of southern history published in periodicals in 2004 except for descriptive or genealogical writings of p...
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A Rejected Alternative: Union Policy and the Relocation of Southern "Contrabands" at the Dawn of Emancipation.
Journal of Southern HistoryHISTORIANS CONTINUE TO DISAGREE ABOUT HOW DEEPLY THE NEGATIVE attitudes of northern whites toward blacks influenced politics during the Civil War. Increasingly scholars do agree th...
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Creating "the Propaganda of History": Southern Editors and the Origins of Carpetbagger and Scalawag.
Journal of Southern HistoryONE READS THE TRUER DEEPER FACTS OF RECONSTRUCTION WITH A GREAT despair," wrote W. E. B. Du Bois. "It is at once so simple and human, and yet so futile." (1) Du Bois's words from n...
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Ring Shout
P. Djeli ClarkNebula, Locus, and Alex Awardwinner P. Djèlí Clark returns with Ring Shout, a dark fantasy historical novella that gives a supernatural twist to the Ku Klux Klan's reign of terror“...
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Political Legitimacy and Local Courts: "Politicks at Such a Rage" in a Southern Community During Reconstruction.
Journal of Southern HistoryACCORDING TO THE TESTIMONY OF TWO WHITE WITNESSESTAKEN DOWN in late May 1871 by a justice of the peace in Anson County, North CarolinaJim Coppedge, a fifteenyearold freedman, had s...
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Annual Report of the Secretary-Treasurer (Southern Historical Association) (Report)
Journal of Southern HistoryOUR ANNUAL MEETING 1N CHARLOTTE WAS, BY ALL ACCOUNTS, A successful one, and those attending seemed to enjoy and appreciate the Queen City far more than they did the last time we me...
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Annual Report of the Secretary-Treasurer (Southern Historical Association )
Journal of Southern HistoryHOUSTON PLAYED HOST TO A ROUSING ANNUAL MEETING IN NOVEMBER. With Texas scholar Darlene Clark Hine as our president and Journal editor and Texas native John B. Boles in charge of l...
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A More Southern Environmental History (Essay)
Journal of Southern HistoryIN 2000 OTIS L. GRAHAM PUBLISHED A STATUS REPORT ON environmental history in and of the South. Noting that many of the region's first professional historians had acknowledged and d...
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The Southern Response to British Abolitionism: The Maturation of Proslavery Apologetics.
Journal of Southern HistoryON JULY 4, 1833, JAMES HENRY HAMMOND DELIVERED AN ORATION FOR his future constituency in Barnwell, South Carolina. An ambitious young planter who had been a key player in the nulli...
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Making Best Use of the New Laws: The NAACP and the Fight for Civil Rights in the South, 1965-1975 (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) (Report)
Journal of Southern HistoryON THE MORNING OF MARCH 3, 1970, THREE BUSES CARRYING BLACK schoolchildren arrived at Lamar High School in Lamar, South Carolina, a small town in the eastern part of the state. The...