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José Maria de Eça de Queiroz or Queirós (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuˈzɛ mɐˈɾiɐ ðɨ ˈɛsɐ ðɨ kɐjˈɾɔʃ]; 25 November 1845 – 16 August 1900) is generally considered to have been the greatest Portuguese writer in the realist style. Zola considered him to be far greater than Flaubert. In the London Observer, Jonathan Keates ranked him alongside Dickens, Balzac and Tolstoy. Biography Eça de Queiroz was born in Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal, in 1845. An illegitimate child, he was officially recorded as the son of José Maria de Almeida Teixeira de Queiroz and Carolina Augusta Pereira d'Eça. His unmarried mother left home so that her son could be born away from social scandal. Although his parents married when he was four years old, he lived with his paternal grandparents until he was ten. At age 16, he went to Coimbra to study law at the University of Coimbra; there he met the poet Antero de Quental. Eça's first work was a series of prose poems, published in the Gazeta de Portugal magazine, which eventually appeared in book form in a posthumous collection edited by Batalha Reis entitled Prosas Bárbaras ("Barbarous texts"). He worked as a journalist at Évora, then returned to Lisbon and, with his former school friend Ramalho Ortigão and others, created the Correspondence of the fictional adventurer Fradique Mendes. This amusing work was first published in 1900. In 1869 and 1870, Eça de Queiroz travelled to Egypt and watched the opening of the Suez Canal, which inspired several of his works, most notably O Mistério da Estrada de Sintra ("The Mystery of the Sintra Road", 1870), written in collaboration with Ramalho Ortigão, in which Fradique Mendes appears. A Relíquia ("The Relic") was also written at this period but was published only in 1887. The work was strongly influenced by Memorie di Giuda ("Memoirs of Judas") by Ferdinando Petruccelli della Gattina, such as to lead some scholars to accuse the Portuguese writer of plagiarism. When he was later dispatched to Leiria to work as a municipal administrator, Eça de Queiroz wrote his first realist novel, O Crime do Padre Amaro ("The Crime of Father Amaro"), which is set in the city and first appeared in 1875. Eça then worked in the Portuguese consular service and after two years' service at Havana was stationed, from late 1874 until April 1879, at 53 Grey Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, where there is a memorial plaque in his honour. His diplomatic duties included the dispatch of detailed reports to the Portuguese foreign office concerning the unrest in the Northumberland and Durham coalfields – in which, as he points out, the miners earned twice as much as those in South Wales, along with free housing and a weekly supply of coal. The Newcastle years were among the most productive of his literary career. He published the second version of O Crime de Padre Amaro in 1876 and another celebrated novel, O Primo Basílio ("Cousin Bazilio") in 1878, as well as working on a number of other projects. These included the first of his "Cartas de Londres" ("Letters from London") which were printed in the Lisbon daily newspaper Diário de Notícias and afterwards appeared in book form as Cartas de Inglaterra. As early as 1878 he had at least given a name to his masterpiece Os Maias ("The Maias"), though this was largely written during his later residence in Bristol and was published only in 1888. In February 1886, he married Maria Emília de Castro in Lisbon and she joined him in Bristol, with the couple staying in Stoke Bishop. However, Maria Emília was not happy there. As a result they decided to rent a house in Notting Hill, London, and Eça would commute to his work in Bristol. It is unlikely that he would have been unhappy with this arrangement as his earlier letters indicate that he had already made frequent visits to London. Eça, a cosmopolite widely read in English literature, was not enamoured of English society, but he was fascinated by its oddity. In Bristol he wrote: "Everything about this society is disagreeable to me – from its limited way of thinking to its indecent manner of cooking vegetables." As often happens when a writer is unhappy, the weather is endlessly bad. Nevertheless, he was rarely bored and was content to stay in England for some fifteen years. "I detest England, but this does not stop me from declaring that as a thinking nation, she is probably the foremost." It may be said that England acted as a constant stimulus and a corrective to Eça's traditionally Portuguese Francophilia. Eça's politics were of the Liberal stamp, although he was also influenced by the ideas of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. In 1898, upon growing more pessimistic about the future of Portugal and Europe, he described himself as a "vague, saddened anarchist". In 1888 he became Portuguese consul-general in Paris, a position he actively sought. He lived at Neuilly-sur-Seine and continued to write journalism (Ecos de Paris, "Echoes from Paris") as well as literary criticism. He died in 1900 of either tuberculosis or, according to numerous contemporary physicians, Crohn's disease. His son António Eça de Queiroz would hold government office under António de Oliveira Salazar. He was first buried in a family vault in Alto de São João Cemetery and later exhumed and moved to a grave in Santa Cruz do Douro Cemetery, in Baião Municipality, Portugal Works by Eça de Queiroz O Mistério da Estrada de Sintra ("The Mystery of the Sintra Road") 1870, in collaboration with Ramalho Ortigão O Crime do Padre Amaro ("The Crime of Father Amaro", 1875, revised 1876, revised 1880) O Primo Basílio ("Cousin Bazilio", 1878) O Mandarim (The Mandarin, 1880) As Minas de Salomão, translation of H. Rider Haggard's King Solomon's Mines (1885) A Relíquia 1887 ("The Relic", 1994) Os Maias ("The Maias", 1888) Uma Campanha Alegre ("A Cheerful Campaign") (1890–1891) Correspondência de Fradique Mendes]] ("Correspondence of Fradique Mendes"), 1890 A Ilustre Casa de Ramires, 1900; ("The Illustrious House of Ramires", 2017) Posthumous works A Cidade e as Serras ("The City and the Mountains", 1901, Posthumous) Contos ("Stories") (1902, Posthumous) Prosas Bárbaras ("Barbarous Texts", 1903, Posthumous) Cartas de Inglaterra ("Letters from England") (1905, Posthumous) Ecos de Paris ("Echos from Paris") (1905, Posthumous) Cartas Familiares e Bilhetes de Paris ("Family Letters and Notes from Paris") (1907, Posthumous) Notas Contemporâneas ("Contemporary Notes") (1909, Posthumous) São Cristóvão, published in English in 2015 as Saint Christopher. Originally published in Portuguese as part of the volume Últimas páginas ("Last Pages") (1912, Posthumous) A Capital ("To the Capital") (1925, Posthumous) O Conde d'Abranhos ("The Earl of Abranhos") (1925 Posthumous) Alves & C.a ("Alves & Co."). (1925, Posthumous) published in English as "The Yellow Sofa", and as "Alves & Co." in 2012 by Dedalus O Egipto ("Egypt", 1926, Posthumous) A Tragédia da Rua das Flores ("The Tragedy of the Street of Fl.... Discover the Eca De Queiros popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Eca De Queiros books.