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In the field of finance, private equity (PE) is capital stock in a private company that does not offer stock to the general public. Private equity is offered instead to specialized investment funds and limited partnerships that take an active role in the management and structuring of the companies. In casual usage, "private equity" can refer to these investment firms rather than the companies that they invest in. Private-equity capital is invested into a target company either by an investment management company (private equity firm), a venture capital fund, or an angel investor; each category of investor has specific financial goals, management preferences, and investment strategies for profiting from their investments. Each category of investor provides working capital to the target company to finance the expansion of the company with the development of new products and services, the restructuring of operations, management, and formal control and ownership of the company. As a financial product, the private-equity fund is a type of private capital for financing a long-term investment strategy in an illiquid business enterprise. Since the 1980s, the financial press describe "private equity fund" investment as the superficial rebranding of investment management companies who specialized in the leveraged buyout of financially weak companies. In assessing the returns of private equity, scholars provide mixed assessments. Some find that private equity outperforms public equity while others find no evidence of overperformance. Key features The typical structure / features of private-equity investment include: An investment manager (the private equity investor) raises money from institutional investors (e.g., hedge funds, pension funds, university endowments, and ultra-high-net-worth individuals) to pursue a particular investment strategy. The fundraise proceeds are placed into an investment fund, in which the investment manager acts as a General Partner (GP) and the institutional investors act as Limited Partners (LPs). The investment manager then purchases equity ownership stakes in companies using a combination of equity and debt financing, with the goal of generating returns on the equity invested, including any subsequent equity investments into the target companies, over a target horizon based on the particular investment fund and strategy (typically 4–7 years). From a financial modeling perspective, the primary levers available to private equity investors to drive returns are: Revenue growth Margin expansion (typically an EBITDA margin) Free cash flow generation / debt paydown Valuation multiple expansion (typically an Enterprise Value / EBITDA multiple) Value creation strategies can vary widely by private equity fund. For example, some investors may target increasing sales in new or existing markets (driving revenue growth), while others may look to reduce costs through headcount reduction (expanding margins). Many strategies incorporate some amount of corporate governance restructuring, for example, setting up a Board of Directors or updating the target's managerial reporting structure. The use of debt financing in acquiring companies increases an investment's return on equity by reducing the amount of initial equity required to purchase the target. Moreover, the interest payments are tax-deductible, so the debt financing reduces corporate taxes and thus increases total after-tax cash flows generated by the business. Following a series of high-profile bankruptcies, aggressive leverage usage by private equity funds has declined in recent decades – in 2005, approximately 70% of the average private equity acquisition represented debt, while this percentage was closer to 50% in 2020. Firms that assume large operational risks (e.g., "turnarounds") will usually apply far lower leverage levels to acquired companies in order to provide management with more financial flexibility; firms taking fewer operational risks will often try to maximize available leverage and focus on investments that generate strong, stable cash flows needed to service the higher debt balances. Over time, "private equity" has come to refer to many different investment strategies, including leveraged buyout, distressed securities, venture capital, growth capital, and mezzanine capital. One of the most noteworthy differences between leveraged buyouts and the other strategies is that buyouts are generally "control equity positions", as buyout funds usually purchase majority ownership stakes in their target companies, while other investment strategies typically purchase minority ("non-control") ownership stakes, reducing their ability to effect transformational changes across target companies. For large deals, private-equity investors often invest together in a syndicate, in order to jointly benefit from exposure diversification, complementary investor information and skills, and heightened connectivity for future investments. Strategies The strategies private-equity firms may use are as follows, leveraged buyout being the most common. Leveraged buyout Leveraged buyout (LBO) refers to a strategy of making equity investments as part of a transaction in which a company, business unit, or business asset is acquired from the current shareholders typically with the use of financial leverage. The companies involved in these transactions are typically mature and generate operating cash flows. Private-equity firms view target companies as either Platform companies, which have sufficient scale and a successful business model to act as a stand-alone entity, or as add-on / tuck-in / bolt-on acquisitions, which would include companies with insufficient scale or other deficits. Leveraged buyouts involve a financial sponsor agreeing to an acquisition without itself committing all the capital required for the acquisition. To do this, the financial sponsor will raise acquisition debt, which looks to the cash flows of the acquisition target to make interest and principal payments. Acquisition debt in an LBO is often non-recourse to the financial sponsor and has no claim on other investments managed by the financial sponsor. Therefore, an LBO transaction's financial structure is particularly attractive to a fund's limited partners, allowing them the benefits of leverage, but limiting the degree of recourse of that leverage. This kind of financing structure leverage benefits an LBO's financial sponsor in two ways: (1) the investor only needs to provide a fraction of the capital for the acquisition, and (2) the returns to the investor will be enhanced, as long as the return on assets exceeds the cost of the debt. As a percentage of the purchase price for a leverage buyout target, the amount of debt used to finance a transaction varies according to the financial condition and history of the acquisition target, market conditions, the willingness of lenders to extend credit (both to the LBO's financial sponsors and .... Discover the Equity Press popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Equity Press books.
Best Seller Equity Press Books of 2024
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HealthScouter Drug Addiction Patient Advocate
Equity PressFor the most honest, objective opinion, HealthScouter provides a patient's view of the most common medical problems. Including hundreds of quotes, questions, and answers from patie...
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Lotus Domino Interview Questions, Answers, and Explanations
Equity PressLotus Domino is the future for enterprise information systems data management, and finding resources can be difficult. With over 150 Lotus Domino questions, answers, and explanatio...
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SAP ABAP Objects Interview Questions
Equity PressWith almost 500 pages of ABAP Objects Tips, Tricks, and Frequently Asked Questions, thisbook is certain to answer your need for instant information. The table of contents and index...
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Taoism and the Art of Living
Kristina BensonHave you ever felt that you could take your health and overall wellbeing to the next level, but weren’t sure how to do it? If you are interested in the ways of Tao and its applicat...
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LOST Ultimate Guide Season III
Kristina BensonOceanic Flight 815 out of Sydney, Australia is mysteriously brought down out of the sky, crashing on an uncharted island somewhere out in the Pacific Ocean. The survivors quickly l...
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Wicca
Kristina BensonThe Ultimate Reference & Learning Guide for Natural WitcherytheIn depth and current overview of Magick for the Natural Wiccan Way!Wicca or witchcraft is the study of natural ma...
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Oracle Ultimate DBA Interview Questions
Equity PressOracle has long been setting the standard in database technology, and to stay competitive administrators need to have a current understanding of Oracle’s newest improvements. With ...
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NeoShamanism 101
Kristina BensonThe Ultimate Reference & Learning Guide for the Beginner ShamanIn depth and current overview of the 1st Degree StudiesA comprehensive guide for those people who are new to the ...
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Laughing at Wall Street
Chris Camillo$20,000 to $2 million in only three years the greatest stockpicker you never heard of tells you how you can do it tooChris Camillo is not a stockbroker, financial analyst, or hedge...
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CSI Miami Season One
Kristina Bensonwhat the show actually means. This guide answers many of the questions you've been asking about CSI Miami. From an analysis of the plot and its symbolism to hidden clues within the...
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Acne Treatment Patient Advocate
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The Complete Unofficial Guide to The Sopranos Seasons III and IV
Kristina BensonIt's clear that The Sopranos has captivated the minds of TV viewers all around the world. What isn't clear is what it actually means. This guide answers many of the questions you'v...
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LOST Ultimate Guide Season II
Kristina Bensonuncharted island somewhere out in the Pacific Ocean. The survivors quickly learn they must band together in order to have any hope of rescue, because the island is treacherous and ...
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SAP Business Objects SA
Equity PressIt’s clear that Business Objects SA is the future for analytics and reporting in SAP – but finding good reference materials can be difficult. Now, for the first time, a world class...
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Potions, Herbs, Oils and Brews
Kristina BensonThe Ultimate Reference & Learning Guide for Wiccans and Herbalists alike!This book is an excellent collection to the reference library of any Wiccan or herbal enthusiast.Includ...
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Wicca Love Spells
Kristina BensonWicca Love Spells: Love Magick for the Beginner and the Advanced Witch – Spell Casting Recipes and Potions for Romance is a magnificent collection of spells and recipes for love, f...
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PeopleSoft HRMS Interview Questions, Answers, and Explanations
Equity PressIt’s clear that PeopleSoft HRMS is the leader in enterprise human resource management, but finding relevant resources can be difficult. PeopleSoft HRMS Interview Questions, Answer...
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The Life you Choose, Workouts Exposed, Which workout is best for you and your lifestyle
Kristina BensonIntimidated by the thought of figuring out which gym is for you, much less walking into one and trying to work out? Baffled by the difference between Pilates, yoga, and yogilates? ...
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Taoists, Tantrists, and Sex
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Crime Scene Investigation
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The Goddess Book
Kristina BensonBefore Christianity, Judaism, and Islam captured the hearts and spirits of the Western world, there existed a rich variety of Goddesses and demiGoddesses in most, if not all, cultu...
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The Piano Pricer
Equity PressThe public is ultimately left in the dark when it comes to understanding how much a piano REALLY costs. If You're Wondering.... How Much You Should Expect To Pay? How To Get The ...
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SAPCOOKBOOK Training Tutorials
Equity PressThis is not a 1000page encyclopedia filled with obscure configuration items that you will never use this book shows you what people actually do in the SAP system, and how to do it...
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SAP MDM Frequently Asked Questions
Equity PressThe Ultimate Reference & Learning Guide for SAP careers!144 Frequently Asked Questions, Answers, and Explanations.SAP MDM has emerged as a mustknow tool for SAP professionals, ...
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Women and Spirituality
Kristina BensonInterested in discovering and nourishing the goddess within you, but unsure as to how to find her? Contained within are discussions and descriptions of a vast collection of religio...