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Calvary (Latin: Calvariae or Calvariae locus) or Golgotha (Biblical Greek: Γολγοθᾶ, romanized: Golgothâ) was a site immediately outside Jerusalem's walls where, according to Christianity's four canonical gospels, Jesus was crucified. Since at least the early medieval period, it has been a destination for pilgrimage. The exact location of Calvary has been traditionally associated with a place now enclosed within one of the southern chapels of the multidenominational Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a site said to have been recognized by the Roman empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, during her visit to the Holy Land in 325. Other locations have been suggested: in the 19th century, Protestant scholars proposed a different location near the Garden Tomb on Green Hill (now "Skull Hill") about 500 m (1,600 ft) north of the traditional site and historian Joan Taylor has more recently proposed a location about 175 m (574 ft) to its south-southeast. Biblical references and names The English names Calvary and Golgotha derive from the Vulgate Latin Calvariae, Calvariae locus and locum (all meaning "place of the Skull" or "a Skull"), and Golgotha used by Jerome in his translations of Matthew 27:33, Mark 15:22, Luke 23:33, and John 19:17. Versions of these names have been used in English since at least the 10th century, a tradition shared with most European languages including French (Calvaire), Spanish and Italian (Calvario), pre-Lutheran German (Calvarie), Polish (Kalwaria), and Lithuanian (Kalvarijos). The 1611 King James Version borrowed the Latin forms directly, while Wycliffe and other translators anglicized them in forms like Caluarie, Caluerie, and Calueri which were later standardized as Calvary. While the Gospels merely identify Golgotha as a "place", Christian tradition has described the location as a hill or mountain since at least the 6th century. It has thus often been referenced as Mount Calvary in English hymns and literature. In the 1769 King James Version, the relevant verses of the New Testament are: And when they were come unto a place called Golgotha, that is to say, a place of a skull, They gave him vinegar to drink mingled with gall: and when he had tasted thereof, he would not drink. And they crucified him, and parted his garments, casting lots... And they bring him unto the place Golgotha, which is, being interpreted, The place of a skull. And they gave him to drink wine mingled with myrrh: but he received it not. And when they had crucified him, they parted his garments, casting lots upon them, what every man should take. And when they were come to the place, which is called Calvary, there they crucified him, and the malefactors, one on the right hand, and the other on the left. And he bearing his cross went forth into a place called the place of a skull, which is called in the Hebrew Golgotha: Where they crucified him, and two other with him, on either side one, and Jesus in the midst. In the standard Koine Greek texts of the New Testament, the relevant terms appear as Golgothâ (Γολγοθᾶ), Golgathân (Γολγοθᾶν), kraníou tópos (κρανίου τόπος), Kraníou tópos (Κρανίου τόπος), Kraníon (Κρανίον), and Kraníou tópon (Κρανίου τόπον). Golgotha's Hebrew equivalent would be Gulgōleṯ (גֻּלְגֹּלֶת, "skull"), ultimately from the verb galal (גלל) meaning "to roll". The form preserved in the Greek text, however, is actually closer to Aramaic Golgolta, which also appears in reference to a head count in the Samaritan version of Numbers 1:18, although the term is traditionally considered to derive from Syriac Gāgūlṯā (ܓܓܘܠܬܐ) instead. Although Latin calvaria can mean either "a skull" or "the skull" depending on context and numerous English translations render the relevant passages "place of the skull" or "Place of the Skull", the Greek forms of the name grammatically refer to the place of a skull and a place named Skull. (The Greek word κρᾱνῐ́ον does more specifically mean the cranium, the upper part of the skull, but it has been used metonymously since antiquity to refer to skulls and heads more generally.) The Fathers of the Church offered various interpretations of the name and its origin. Jerome considered it a place of execution by beheading (locum decollatorum), Pseudo-Tertullian describes it as a place resembling a head, and Origen associated it with legends concerning the skull of Adam. This buried skull of Adam appears in noncanonical medieval legends, including the Book of the Rolls, the Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan, the Cave of Treasures, and the works of Eutychius, the 9th-century patriarch of Alexandria. The usual form of the legend is that Shem and Melchizedek retrieved the body of Adam from the resting place of Noah's ark on Mount Ararat and were led by angels to Golgotha, a skull-shaped hill at the center of the earth where Adam had previously crushed the serpent's head following the Fall of Man. In the 19th century, Wilhelm Ludwig Krafft proposed an alternative derivation of these names, suggesting that the place had actually been known as "Gol Goatha"—which he interpreted to mean "heap of death" or "hill of execution"—and had become associated with the similar sounding Semitic words for "skull" in folk etymologies. James Fergusson identified this "Goatha" with the Goʿah (גֹּעָה) mentioned in Jeremiah 31:39 as a place near Jerusalem, although Krafft himself identified that location with the separate Gennáth (Γεννάθ) of Josephus, the "Garden Gate" west of the Temple Mount. Location There is no consensus as to the location of the site. John 19:20 describes the crucifixion site as being "near the city". According to Hebrews 13:12, it was "outside the city gate". Matthew 27:39 and Mark 15:29 both note that the location would have been accessible to "passers-by". Thus, locating the crucifixion site involves identifying a site that, in the city of Jerusalem some four decades before its destruction in AD 70, would have been outside a major gate near enough to the city that the passers-by could not only see him, but also read the inscription 'Jesus the Nazarene, King of the Jews'. Church of the Holy Sepulchre Christian tradition since the fourth century has favoured a location now within the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This places it well within today's walls of Jerusalem, which surround the Old City and were rebuilt in the 16th century by the Ottoman Empire. Proponents of the traditional Holy Sepulchre location point to the fact that first-century Jerusalem had a different shape and size from the 16th-century city, leaving the church's site outside the pre-AD 70 city walls. Those opposing it doubt this. Defenders of the traditional site have argued that the site of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was only brought within the city limits by Herod Agrippa (41–44), who built the so-called Third Wall around a newly settled northern district, while at the time of Jesus' crucifixion around AD 30 it would still have been just outside the cit.... Discover the Golgotha Press popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Golgotha Press books.
Best Seller Golgotha Press Books of 2024
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The Jeeves Collection
P.G. WodehouseAn anthology of one of P.G. Wodehouse's most beloved characters: Jeeves. This edition includes an active table of contents. It contains the following Jeeves stories:My Man JeevesEx...
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Romeo and Juliet - In Plain and Simple English
William ShakespeareRomeo and Juliet is one of the greatest plays ever writtenbut let's face it..if you don't understand it, then you are not alone. If you have struggled in the past reading Shakespea...
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50 Classic Fairy Tales
The Brothers GrimmAn anthology of 50 classic fairy tales with an active table of contents to make it easy to quickly find the book you are looking for. Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves Allerleirauh; o...
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50 Classic Mystery Works
Algernon Blackwood, Erskine Childers, Wilkie Collins, Arthur Conan Doyle, Anna Katharine Green, A.A. Milne, Mary Roberts Rinehart, Sax Rohmer & Dorothy SayersAn anthology of 50 classic books and novellas with an active table of contents to make it easy to quickly find the book you are looking for.Works include:John Kendrick BangsR. Holm...
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Anthology of Philosophy
Aeschylus, Aristotle, Francis Bacon, George Berkeley, Giordano Bruno, René Descartes, Euripides, Thomas Hobbes, Homer, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, John Locke, Plato, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Sophocles & Benedict de SpinozaThis massive anthology of philosophy contains over 75 works by a dozen of the most known philosophers of all time. An active table of contents makes it easy to find each work.Autho...
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Anne of Green Gables Series
L.M. MontgomeryL.M. Montgomery's most beloved character in one large collection with active table of contents. The books are in order by Anne's age in the series. The collection only contains the...
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50 Classic Horror Books
H. P. Lovecraft, Ann Radcliffe, J. Sheridan Le Fanu & Bram StokerBefore there was Twilight, Anne Rice, or Stephen King, there was H.P. Lovecraft, J. Sheridan LeFanu, and Bram Stokerdiscover here 50 chilling tales that inspired horror and gothic ...
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50 Christian Fiction Works
O. Henry, George MacDonald, Leo Tolstoy, John Bunyan & Nathaniel HawthorneAn anthology of 50 classic works of Christian Fiction with an active table of contents to make it easy to quickly find the book you are looking for. Works Include Abby Church by Ch...
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Early Works of Dorothy Sayers
Dorothy SayersContains two Early works of Dorothy Sayers. Works include:Clouds of WitnessWhose Body?
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The Complete Works of O. Henry
O. HenryO. Henry's short stories are well known for their wit, wordplay, warm characterization and clever twist endings. Collected in this collection is a giant anthology of his work with ...
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50 Classic Romance Books
Jane Austen, Edgar Wallace, Kate Wiggin, Edith Wharton, Thomas Hardy, P.G. Wodehouse & Charlotte BrontëCollected here is a massive anthology of 50 of the great love stories of all time. An active table of contents is included to help you quickly find each work.Works include:The Abys...
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The Prayer of Jabez
Charles H. SpurgeonSpurgeon's classic sermon about the "Prayer of Jabez."The sermon is based on the Old Testament passage 1 Chronicles 4:910: Jabez called on the God of Israel, saying, Oh that you wo...
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The Essential Works of Robert E. Howard
Robert E. HowardDozens of works by classic pulp writer Robert E. Howard are collected in this large anthology with active table of contents. Works include:DarknessAlmuricBlack CanaanThe Blood of B...
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Paradise Lost
John MiltonJohn Milton put a twist on the story of Adam and Evein the process he created what some have called one of the greatest literary works in the English Language. It has inspired musi...
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50 Classic Western Books
Zane Grey, O. Henry, G.A. Henty, Joseph A. Altsheler & Frank V. WebsterAn anthology of 50 classic westerns with an active table of contents to make it easy to quickly find the book you are looking for. A short essay about the history of the Western ge...
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The Island of Dr Moreau
H.G. WellsThe story begins with the protagonist, an upper class gentleman who was named Edward Prendick, finding himself shipwrecked in the ocean. A passing ship takes him aboard, and a doct...
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A Voice in the Wilderness
Grace Livingston HillIf you are a sucker for Christian romance novels, then try this book on for size; actually try all of Hill’s book on for size. Hill, like Wright, was quite popular in her day, but ...
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John Carter of Mars Series
Edgar Rice BurroughsJohn Carter of Mars is a series of books written by Edgar Rice Burroughs. It is currently being turned into a film produced by Disney and directed by Andrew Stanton (director of th...
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50 Classic Page Turners
H. P. Lovecraft, H.G. Wells, Bram Stoker, Rafael Sabatini & Jules VerneAn anthology of 50 classic page turners with an active table of contents to make it easy to quickly find the book you are looking for.The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes by Sir Arthu...
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10 Classic Epics
Charles Dickens, Lew Wallace, Victor Hugo & Herman MelvilleAn anthology of 10 classic epics with an active table of contents to make it easy to quickly find the book you are looking for.BenHur: A Tale of the Christ by Lew WallaceCrime and ...
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Tarzan Series
Edgar Rice BurroughsThis is a collection of the first eight novels in the Tarzan series. The series is considered a classic of literature and is the author's bestknown work, Tarzan has been called one...
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50 Classic Biographies
Lord Charnwood, John Cooke & Henry JamesLearn more about some of the most interesting people to ever live with this anthology of 50 classic biographies. An active table of contents is included to make it easy to quickly ...
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The Works of P.G. Wodehouse
P.G. WodehouseThe works of Wodehouse in one giant collection with an active table of contents.Works include:Short StoriesDeath at the Excelsior And Other StoriesA Man of Means A Series of Six ...
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The Unofficial Siri Handbook
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The Man Who Was Thursday
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50 Classic Books, Vol. 2
Mark Twain, Thomas Paine, Leo Tolstoy, Lew Wallace, George MacDonald, H.G. Wells, Upton Sinclair, Jack London, Herman Melville & Wilkie CollinsAn anthology of 50 classic books with an active table of contents to make it easy to quickly find the book you are looking for.Works include:"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" by...
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50 Classic Books, Vol. 1
Jules Verne, Arthur Conan Doyle, George Allan England, Sinclair Lewis, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Robert Louis Stevenson, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Joseph Conrad, Leo Tolstoy & Thomas HardyAn anthology of 50 classic books with an active table of contents to make it easy to quickly find the book you are looking for.Works include:"20,000 Leagues Under the Seas" by Jule...
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The Quotable Mark Twain
Mark TwainMark Twain was a great observer of life, and had witty things to say about all corners of life. Collected here are over 100 of Twain's most beloved quotes. This edition includes an...
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The Pulitzer Prize Collection
Booth Tarkington, Eugen O'Neill, Edward Bok, Edith Wharton, Carl Sandburg, Henry Adams, Burton Hendrick, Zona Gale & Willa CatherA collection of twelve Pulitzer Prize winning books with an active table of contents to help you easily find the book you are looking for.Alice Adams" by Booth Tarkington Anna...
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50 Classic Philosophy Books
Thomas PaineAn anthology of 50 classic philosophy works with an active table of contents to make it easy to quickly find the book you are looking for. Works include: As A Man Thinketh by James...
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Romeo and Juliet
William ShakespeareRomeo and Juliet is one of the greatest plays ever writtenbut let's face it..if you don't understand it, then you are not alone. With this "TapSpeare" edition, if there's a passage...
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The Complete Works of Mark Twain
Mark TwainGiant collection of all of Mark Twain beloved stories. This edition has an easy to navigate table of contents to help you find the book you are looking for.Included in this edition...