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The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (the IACHR or, in the three other official languages – Spanish, French, and Portuguese – CIDH, Comisión Interamericana de los Derechos Humanos, Commission Interaméricaine des Droits de l'Homme, Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos) is an autonomous organ of the Organization of American States (OAS). The separate Inter-American Court of Human Rights is an autonomous judicial institution based in the city of San José, Costa Rica. Together the Court and the Commission make up the human rights protection system of the OAS. Composition The IACHR is a permanent body, with headquarters in Washington, D.C., United States, and it meets in regular and special sessions several times a year to examine allegations of human rights violations in the hemisphere. Its human rights duties stem from three documents: the OAS Charter the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man the American Convention on Human Rights History of the Inter-American human rights system The inter-American system for the protection of human rights emerged with the adoption of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man by the OAS in April 1948 – the first international human rights instrument of a general nature, predating the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by more than six months. The IACHR was created in 1959. It held its first meeting in 1960, and it conducted its first on-site visit to inspect the human rights situation in the Dominican Republic in 1961. A major step in the development of the system was taken in 1965 when the commission was expressly authorized to examine specific cases of human rights violations. Since that date the IACHR has received thousands of petitions and has processed in excess of 12,000 individual cases. In 1969, the guiding principles behind the American Declaration were taken, reshaped, and restated in the American Convention on Human Rights. The Convention defines the human rights that the states parties are required to respect and guarantee, and it also ordered the establishment of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. It is currently binding on 24 of the OAS's 35 member states. The commission's performance has not been always welcomed. Among others, Venezuela has accused the Commission of politicization. Others criticize the commission's stress on certain issues over others. These criticisms have given rise to what was called the "Strengthening Process of the Commission". This process began in 2011, led by the States belonging to the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas. Functions The main task of the IACHR is to promote the observance and defense of human rights in the Americas. In pursuit of this mandate it: Receives, analyzes, and investigates individual petitions alleging violations of specific human rights protected by the American Convention on Human Rights. Works to resolve petitions in a collaborative way that is amiable to both parties. Monitors the general human rights situation in the OAS's member states and, when necessary, prepares and publishes country-specific human rights reports. Conducts on-site visits to examine members' general human rights situation or to investigate specific cases. Encourages public awareness about human rights and related issues throughout the hemisphere. Holds conferences, seminars, and meetings with governments, NGOs, academic institutions, etc. to inform and raise awareness about issues relating to the inter-American human rights system. Issues member states with recommendations that, if adopted, would further the cause of human rights protection. Requests that states adopt precautionary measures to prevent serious and irreparable harm to human rights in urgent cases. Refers cases to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, and litigates those same cases before the Court. Asks the Inter-American Court to provide advisory opinions on matters relating to the interpretation of the convention or other related instruments. Rapporteurships and units The IACHR has created several thematic rapporteurships and two special rapporteurships to monitor OAS states' compliance with inter-American human rights treaties in the following areas: Rapporteurship on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (1990) Rapporteurship on the Rights of Women (the first rapporteurship created by the IACHR in 1994) Rapporteurship on Migrant Workers and their Families (1996) Rapporteurship on the Rights of the Child (1998) Rapporteurship on Human Rights Defenders (2001) Rapporteurship on the Rights of Persons Deprived of Liberty (2004) Rapporteurship on the Rights of Afro-Descendants and against Racial Discrimination (2005) Rapporteurship on the Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Trans, Bisexual, and Intersex Persons (2014) Rapporteurship on Memory, Truth, and Justice (2019) Rapporteurship on the Rights of Older Persons (2019) Rapporteurship on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2019 The Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression and the Special Rapporteur for Economic, Social, Cultural, and Environmental Rights are full-time dedicated positions. The former was created in 1997, while the latter was established in 2017, with Soledad García Muñoz of Argentina as the first holder of the office. The other rapporteurships are in the hands of the commissioners, who have other functions at the IACHR and also their own jobs in their home countries, since their work as commissioners is unpaid. Rapporteurships are initially established by the commission as thematic units prior to being upgraded to rapporteurships. The IACHR also has a Press and Outreach Office. Petitions The Commission processes petitions lodged with it pursuant to its Rules of Procedure. Petitions may be filed by NGOs or individuals. Unlike most court filings, petitions are confidential documents and are not made public. Petitions must meet three requirements; domestic remedies must have already been tried and failed (exhaustion), petitions must be filed within six months of the last action taken in a domestic system (timeliness), petitions can not be before another court (duplication of procedure). Once a petition has been filed, it follows the following procedure: Petition is forwarded to the Secretariat and reviewed for completeness; if complete, it is registered and is given a case number. This is where the state is notified of the petition. Petition reviewed for admissibility. The Commission tries to find a friendly settlement. If no settlement is found, then briefs are filed by each side on the merits of the case. The Commission then files a report on the merits, known as an Article 50 report from relevant article of the convention. This is a basically a ruling by the commission with recommendations on how to solve the conflict. The Article 50 report is sent to the state. This is a confidential report; the petitioner does not get a full copy of this report. The state is given two months to comply with the r.... Discover the Sergio Ralon popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Sergio Ralon books.