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The Scientific Studies and Research Center (SSRC), better known by its French name Centre D'Etudes et de Recherches Scientifiques (CERS), is a Syrian government agency that has the goal of advancing and coordinating scientific and military research activities in the country. It works on research and development for the economic and social development of Syria, especially the computerization of government agencies. It is considered to have better technical capacity and equipment than the Syrian universities. Jane's Information Group Intelligence Services and other analysts believe it is responsible for research and development of nuclear, biological, chemical and missile technology and weapons, including ballistic missiles, as well as advanced conventional arms. CERS is run by a director-general with the rank of minister, who is directly responsible to the president. Current Director General is Dr. Amr Armanazi. It provides most research and development functions for the Syrian military. Since the 1970s, CERS has also been responsible for the development of civilian science and technology in Syria, and it was on this basis that CERS was able to develop cooperative relationships with Western chemical companies. History SSRC was established in 1971, following a presidential directive of Nureddin al-Atassi in 1969. Its first director-general was Abdullah Watiq Shahid, a nuclear physicist who had become the minister of higher education in 1967. SSRC was ostensibly a civilian agency but Shahid's aim was to pursue weapons development. In 1973 President Hafez al-Assad authorized relations between SSRC and the Syrian Army. SSRC then became the main agency for development and enhancement of weapons for the army. While it remained ostensibly civilian, Ziauddin Sardar's 1982 book Science and Technology in the Middle East said SSRC "belongs to the Syrian defense ministry, and conducts military research." In 1983 the military chief of staff was made responsible for appointing members of SSRC's board and technical staff. The military was also to authorize all appointments in SSRC's new branch for applied science, the Higher Institute for Applied Sciences and Technology (HIAST). The SSRC director-general was raised to ministerial rank. The production of chemical weapons became one of SSRC's main projects. News media have reported production plants for sarin, VX and mustard gas near Damascus, Hama, Homs, Aleppo and Latakia. Some or all of the plants were established ostensibly as civilian facilities. The highly secretive military facility in Jamraya was established in the 1980s, when Syria was a Soviet ally. Western intelligence agencies believe that the Syrian procurement structure for biological and chemical weapons uses SSRC as cover. The center has received the required expertise, technology and materials from Russian sources to produce VX nerve gas. In June 1996 the CIA had discovered that SSRC received a shipment of missile components from China Precision Machinery Import-Export Corporation as part as a wider collaboration between the two institutions. According to French intelligence, SSRC is responsible for producing toxic agents for use in war. A group named "Branch 450" is allegedly responsible for filling munitions with chemicals and maintaining security of the chemical agent stockpiles. In 2005, US President George W. Bush issued Executive Order 13382, blocking the ownership and support of weapons of mass destruction, which prohibited United States citizens and residents from doing business with the SSRC. In 2007, the United States Department of the Treasury blocked 3 SSRC subsidiaries: The Institute of Applied Science and Technology (HIAST), the Electronics Institute, and the National Standards and Calibration Laboratory (NSCL). In 2014, at the height of the Syrian civil war, CERS resumed the manufacture of long, medium range missiles and rockets at the same rate as before the war. In 2016, the head of Israeli Military Intelligence reported that Syria had resumed manufacture of the M-600 missiles, which has a range of 300 kilometers that was upgraded by CERS. In June 2020, it was reported that SSRC has been seeking to procure illicit nuclear, biological and chemical weapons of mass destruction technology in southern Germany. In one reported case, it procured laboratory equipment from a company in North Baden, which was to be forwarded to Syria via Lebanon and China. Organization The CERS is divided into five research institutes and five centers. Research institutes pursue both project oriented and basic scientific research. Structure (as of 2023) CERS Headquarters Advisory Committee to the Director General Department 4 (ICT development projects) Technology and Inovation Department HIAST Institute 1000 (electronic warfare, missile guidance) Institute 2000 (mechanics) Branch 410 (bombs, launchers and vehicles) Institute 3000/6000 (chemistry and biology) Branch 450 (chemical components) Institute 4000 (missiles and aeronautics) Project 99 (SRBM, MRBM production) Project 991 (Scud development) Projects 992–995, 997 (Scud production) Project 702 (solid fuel engines and rocket propellant) Branch 340 (research and development) Project 111 (SAM) Project 504 (small diameter bombs) Project 794 (weapon systems) Project 797 (warheads, bombs) Branch 350 (SSM and MLRS production) Project M600 (M-600) Project 602 (M-302) Branch 650 (UAV technologies) Branch 550 (purchase and planning) Institute 5200 (researchers/engineers training) Locations CERS facilities are located in Jamraya (Institute 1000, Institute 3000, Branch 450, Branch 550), Barzeh (Institute 2000, Institute 5200) and Masyaf (Institute 4000). Also, Institute 4000 has centers in al-Rashideen, Aleppo (Branch 340), As-Safira (Project 504, Project 702, Branch 350) and Taqsis (Project 99). In 2014, it was revealed that CERS together with Hezbollah established a base in Qusayr with underground facilities that allegedly store Shahab-1 missiles, delivered to the organization by the IRGC, and natural uranium. According to IAEA research, Syria possesses up to 50 tons of natural uranium. Suspected nuclear storage facilities were also in Marj al-Sultan. CERS also had bunkers and storage facilities at the Him Shanshar military installation. Research and development projects Infantry weapons Golan S-01 Anti-materiel rifle Missile systems M-220 Artillery missile Khaibar-1 (M-302) MLRS S-11 Burkan MLRS Golan-65 MLRS Golan-250 MLRS Golan-300 MLRS Golan-400 MLRS Golan-1000 MLRS Missile defense systems S-200 (modified) Ballistic missiles Scud-B SRBM Scud-C SRBM Scud-D MRBM Scud-ER MRBM Golan-1 SRBM Golan-2 SRBM Maysaloun SRBM M-600 SRBM Fateh-313 SRBM Shahab-1 SRBM (under license) Shahab-2 SRBM (under license) Zelzal-2 SRBM (under license) Zelzal-3 SRBM (under license) Bombs ODAB thermobaric bomb Active protection systems Sarab-1 APS Sarab-2 APS Sarab-3 APS Tanks T-72 Adra (Mahmia) T-72 Shafrah Logistics vehicles MAZ-6317 (under licen.... Discover the Tal Nuriel popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Tal Nuriel books.