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A metal roof is a roofing system featuring metal pieces or tiles exhibiting corrosion resistance, impermeability to water, and long life. It is a component of the building envelope. The metal pieces may be a covering on a structural, non-waterproof roof, or they could be self-supporting sheets. History Lead and Copper have played a significant role in architecture for thousands of years (see: copper in architecture). Lead was one of the first and easiest metals to smelt and with a low melting point, it could be easily formed to be watertight. As a by-product of silver smelting, in Roman times it was readily available and relatively cheap. In the 3rd century BCE, copper roof shingles were installed atop the Lovamahapaya Temple in Sri Lanka. The Romans used copper as roof covering for the Pantheon in 27 BCE. Centuries later, copper and its alloys were integral in European medieval architecture. The copper roof of St. Mary's Cathedral, Hildesheim, installed in 1280 CE, survived until its destruction during bombings in World War II. The roof at Kronborg, one of Northern Europe's most important Renaissance castles (immortalized as Elsinore Castle in Shakespeare’s Hamlet) was installed in 1585 CE. The copper on the tower was renovated in 2009. When iron smelting became widespread in the early 19th century, although the smelting process was complicated, ore was so plentiful that iron became cheaper than lead, and much cheaper than copper. It was later determined that iron corrosion (rust) could be stopped or at least slowed by dipping the hot iron sheets into molten tin or zinc, forming a metallurgically-bonded coating which protected it. Terne, an iron plate dipped into a solder of 80–90% lead with only the remainder tin, was cheaper than tinplate made in the same way, and the lead was more resistant in long-term outside use than tin or zinc alone. Terne became popular for roofs and weather-resistant farm items. In 1829, Henry Palmer, engineer of the London Dock Company, patented "indented or corrugated metallic sheets" which added additional stiffness to bending in one direction in the manner of a beam. This allowed the sheet iron to be self-supporting when used as a roof; a contemporary account praised the material as "the lightest and strongest roof (for its weight) since the days of Adam". After Palmer's patent expired in 1843, "corrugated galvanized iron" (CGI) became a world-wide favorite roofing material. In the later 19th century, steel mills replaced iron works, and the product using steel could be made thinner for the same span and stiffness performance, but the term "CGI" remains in the UK and Australia up to the present. In the early 20th century, after being used for military purposes in the trenches and for Nissen or Quonset huts, "CGI" roofs were widely used but had low status. After architects such as Walter Gropius and Buckminster Fuller used the material, and with shiny and streamlined "desert modernist" designs such as Pierre Koenig's Stahl House (with an interior exposed metal roof, but not actual CGI), it recovered status. Albert Frey's 1964 Palm Springs house used actual corrugated steel as roofing, as well as corrugated aluminum exterior siding. Environmentally friendly Metal roofs are 100% recyclable and can be made from other recycled products. Asphalt shingles are petroleum based with other chemicals making their recycling process more toxic, most shingles are not recycled and 20 billion pounds are sent to landfills every year and take hundreds of years to decompose. Metal roofs emissivity is better at reflecting solar radiation at 10%–75% depending on the color choice, compared to asphalt roofs that reflect 5%–25% depending on their color. Over the lifetime of the metal roof they keep 95% of the reflective capacity compared to other roof types that loose 20%–40% of their reflective capacity. The highly reflective coatings in the paint of metal roofing can lower utility bills by 40%. Advantages Metal roofs can last up to 100 years, with installers providing 50-year warranties. Because of their longevity, most metal roofs are less expensive than asphalt shingles in the long term. Metal roofing can consist of a high percentage of recycled material and is 100% recyclable. It does not get as hot as asphalt, a common roofing material, and it reflects heat away from the building underneath in summertime. On a larger scale, its use reduces the heat island effect of cities when compared to asphalt. Coupled with its better insulating abilities, metal roofs can offer not only a 40% reduction in energy costs in the summer, but also up to a 15% reduction in the energy costs in the winter according to a 2008 Study by Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This finding is based on the use of a strapping system of four inches between the plywood and "cool-color" metal on top, which provides an air gap between the plywood roof sheathing and the metal. Cool-color metals are light, reflective colors, like white. The study went on to say that re-sealing and insulating air ducts in the attic will save even more money. Metal roofing is also lightweight, creates little stress on the load bearing roof support structures and can be installed on top of an existing roof. A lightweight roof is very useful for large and or old structures, as it helps to maintain the overall structural integrity of the building. Despite its light weight, metal roofing provides increased wind resistance when compared to other roofing materials. This is because metal roofing systems use interlocking panels. Metal Roofing Sheets are also resistant to any kind of attack by pests and insects. Material types Metal roofs are sometimes made of corrugated galvanized steel: a wrought iron–steel sheet was coated with zinc and then roll-formed into corrugated sheets. Another approach is to blend zinc, aluminum, and silicon-coated steel. These products are sold under various trade names like "Zincalume" or "Galvalume". The surface may display the raw zinc finish, or it may be used as a base metal under factory-coated colors. Standing seam metal roof Standing seam metal roofs come in sheets up to or sometimes more than 30 feet (9.1 m) long and widths of 12, 14, 16 or 18 inches (300, 360, 410 or 460 mm). The standing seam is typically 1+1⁄2 or 1+3⁄4 inches (38 or 44 mm). They are more expensive upfront for installation and material costs but last longer than Asphalt shingles, over the 50+ year lifespan they are less expensive than asphalt shingle roofs. They require less maintenance than corrugated metal roofs because of the exposed fasteners on that roof. Mechanically seamed Mechanically seamed roofs are seamed together using a roof seamer and can be either single lock or double lock seamed, meaning they can be folded under once to be seamed together or folded under twice for extra weather protection. This is the most expensive of the three types but is the most weather resistant. Snap loc.... Discover the White Castle Roofing popular books. Find the top 100 most popular White Castle Roofing books.