James D R Smith Popular Books
James D R Smith Biography & Facts
Research and development (R&D or R+D; also known in Europe as research and technological development or RTD) is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products, and improving existing ones. Research and development constitutes the first stage of development of a potential new service or the production process. R&D activities differ from institution to institution, with two primary models of an R&D department either staffed by engineers and tasked with directly developing new products, or staffed with industrial scientists and tasked with applied research in scientific or technological fields, which may facilitate future product development. R&D differs from the vast majority of corporate activities in that it is not intended to yield immediate profit, and generally carries greater risk and an uncertain return on investment. However R&D is crucial for acquiring larger shares of the market through the marketisation of new products. R&D&I or R&D&i are also acronyms with the same general meaning of R&D and stand for research, development and innovation. Background New product design and development is often a crucial factor in the survival of a company. In a global industrial landscape that is changing fast, firms must continually revise their design and range of products. This is necessary as well due to the fierce competition and the evolving preferences of consumers. Without an R&D program, a firm must rely on strategic alliances, acquisitions, and networks to tap into the innovations of others. A system driven by marketing is one that puts the customer needs first, and produces goods that are known to sell. Market research is carried out, which establishes the needs of consumers and the potential niche market of a new product. If the development is technology driven, R&D is directed toward developing products to meet the unmet needs. In general, research and development activities are conducted by specialized units or centers belonging to a company, or can be out-sourced to a contract research organization, universities, or state agencies. In the context of commerce, "research and development" normally refers to future-oriented, longer-term activities in science or technology, using similar techniques to scientific research but directed toward desired outcomes and with broad forecasts of commercial yield. Statistics on organizations devoted to "R&D" may express the state of an industry, the degree of competition or the lure of progress. Some common measures include: budgets, numbers of patents or on rates of peer-reviewed publications. Bank ratios are one of the best measures, because they are continuously maintained, public and reflect risk. In the United States, a typical ratio of research and development for an industrial company is about 3.5% of revenues; this measure is called "R&D intensity". A high technology company, such as a computer manufacturer, might spend 7% or a pharmaceutical companies such as Merck & Co. 14.1% or Novartis 15.1%. Anything over 15% is remarkable, and usually gains a reputation for being a high technology company such as engineering company Ericsson 24.9%, or biotech company Allergan, which tops the spending table with 43.4% investment. Such companies are often seen as credit risks because their spending ratios are so unusual. Generally such firms prosper only in markets whose customers have extreme high technology needs, like certain prescription drugs or special chemicals, scientific instruments, and safety-critical systems in medicine, aeronautics or military weapons. The extreme needs justify the high risk of failure and consequently high gross margins from 60% to 90% of revenues. That is, gross profits will be as much as 90% of the sales cost, with manufacturing costing only 10% of the product price, because so many individual projects yield no exploitable product. Most industrial companies get 40% revenues only. On a technical level, high tech organizations explore ways to re-purpose and repackage advanced technologies as a way of amortizing the high overhead. They often reuse advanced manufacturing processes, expensive safety certifications, specialized embedded software, computer-aided design software, electronic designs and mechanical subsystems. Research from 2000 has shown that firms with a persistent R&D strategy outperform those with an irregular or no R&D investment program. Business R&D Research and development are very difficult to manage, since the defining feature of research is that the researchers do not know in advance exactly how to accomplish the desired result. As a result, "higher R&D spending does not guarantee more creativity, higher profit or a greater market share". Research is the most risky financing area because both the development of an invention and its successful realization carries uncertainty including the profitability of the invention. One way entrepreneurs can reduce these uncertainties is to buy the licence for a franchise, so that the know-how is already incorporated in the licence. Benefit by sector In general, it has been found that there is a positive correlation between the research and development and firm productivity across all sectors, but that this positive correlation is much stronger in high-tech firms than in low-tech firms. In research done by Francesco Crespi and Cristiano Antonelli, high-tech firms were found to have "virtuous" Matthew effects while low-tech firms experienced "vicious" Matthew effects, meaning that high-tech firms were awarded subsidies on merit while low-tech firms most often were given subsidies based on name recognition, even if not put to good use. While the strength of the correlation between R&D spending and productivity in low-tech industries is less than in high-tech industries, studies have been done showing non-trivial carryover effects to other parts of the marketplace by low-tech R&D. Risks Business R&D is risky for at least two reasons. The first source of risks comes from R&D nature, where R&D project could fail without residual values. The second source of risks comes from takeover risks, which means R&D is appealing to bidders because they could gain technologies from acquisition targets. Therefore, firms may gain R&D profit that co-moves with takeover waves, causing risks to the company which engages in R&D activity. Global Global R&D management is the discipline of designing and leading R&D processes globally, across cultural and lingual settings, and the transfer of knowledge across international corporate networks. Government expenditures United States Former President Barack Obama requested $147.696 billion for research and development in FY2012, 21% of which was destined to fund basic research. According to National Science Foundation in U.S., i.... Discover the James D R Smith popular books. Find the top 100 most popular James D R Smith books.
Best Seller James D R Smith Books of 2024
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Living With It
Bev AisbettThe classic guide for panic attack sufferers now fully revised and updated. Panic attacks approximately 5% of the population will experience them at some time or another. The dre...
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The Energy Fix
Karina AntramFeeling tired but don't know why? This is the book anyone battling low energy needs to read.'It's a cracking book, a cracking, cracking book' Chris Evans, Virgin Radio The Energy F...
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The Book of Burnout
Bev AisbettAustralia's bestselling anxiety and mental health expert, Bev Aisbett, tackles a growing mental health emergency: burnout.Burnout happens when we take on too much, when we think we...
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The Career Change Guide
Rachel SchofieldDiscover what you really want from work and how to get there with this empowering, practical guide from expert career coach Rachel SchofieldAS SEEN IN GOOD HOUSEKEEPINGONE OF THE...
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The Poetry of Impermanence, Mindfulness, and Joy
John BrehmOver 125 poetic companions, from Basho to Billy Collins, Saigyo to Shakespeare.The Poetry of Impermanence, Mindfulness, and Joy received the Spirituality & Practice Book A...
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Get Over It
Bev AisbettGot difficulties? Get over it... GET OVER IT is the perfect resource to help you feel more grounded in your ability to face the difficulties in your life. Finding Release From the ...
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Start Where Others Stop
Zack GeorgeBuild Resilience and Smash Your Goals!'Read this book, improve your life' JAKE HUMPHREY, TV presenter and host of The High Performance PodcastSet goals. Overcome challenges. Achie...
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Stop Gaining Weight The Easy Way
Mike Dilkes & Alexander AdamsThe world does not need another diet book. But what it does need, is a book that explains how to achieve and maintain a stable, healthy weight.With easytounderstand chapters, focus...
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ROAR
Bruce WagnerA new novel by Hollywood’s "master of satire."The myth of an epic, public lifeits triumphs and tragediesis a particularly American obsession. ROAR is a metafictional exploration of...
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No Fuss Vegan
Roz Purcell'Packed full of enticing recipes to make plantbased your way of life' Madeleine ShawRoz Purcell is a firm believer that your body needs to be fuelled right not only to get you thr...
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F-Infinity Saga Canto I
James D.R. SmithThe promised day has come, when all of humanity seeks judgment for its greatest sin: existence.But there are those who oppose the machinations of Fate, and choose to bare their tee...
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The Female Body Bible
Dr Emma Ross, Baz Moffat & Dr Bella SmithUNDERSTAND YOUR BODY TO EMPOWER YOURSELF FOR LIFE.This book will help you create healthy habits that consider all aspects of female health at every life stage, including how to: ha...
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Fix Your Fatigue
Karina AntramLearn how to never feel tired again with the lifesaving toolkit to regaining your energy and finding happiness the book everyone NEEDS in 2023'It's a cracking book, a cracking, cr...
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Find Your Own Path
Fiona BucklandEmbark on a journey to living your most fulfilling, authentic life with the help of life coach Fiona BucklandYou are not in the waiting room of life. This is it. You sense you have...
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All of It
Bev AisbettBev Aisbett's simple and humorous illustrated selfhelp books have provided guidance on anxiety, depression, selfimage and selfworth issues for thousands of readers over the past 18...
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30 Days 30 Ways to Overcome Anxiety
Bev AisbettFrom the bestselling anxiety expert, Bev Aisbett, comes a proven and practical workbook to help people manage their anxiety, with simple daily strategies for work and for home. A c...
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Melmoth the Wanderer
Charles MaturinWith an essay by Alathea Hayter.'My hour is come ... the clock of eternity is about to strike, but its knell must be unheard by mortal ears!'This violent, profound, baroque and bla...
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Collateral Damage
Mark ShawIf there had been no coverup of Robert Kennedy’s complicity in the murder of Marilyn Monroe in 1962 and he had been prosecuted based on compelling evidence at the time, the assassi...
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Life Hacks from the Buddha
Dr Tony FernandoHow to be calm and content in a chaotic world 50 ancient pearls of wisdom anyone can use for a stressfree and happy lifeIn this practical and easytofollow book, clinical psychiatri...