Tin Tin Popular Books
Tin Tin Biography & Facts
Tin is a chemical element; it has symbol Sn (from Latin stannum) and atomic number 50. A silvery-colored metal, tin is soft enough to be cut with little force, and a bar of tin can be bent by hand with little effort. When bent, the so-called "tin cry" can be heard as a result of twinning in tin crystals. Tin is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table of elements. It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains stannic oxide, SnO2. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14, germanium and lead, and has two main oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th-most abundant element on Earth and has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table, due to its magic number of protons. It has two main allotropes: at room temperature, the stable allotrope is β-tin, a silvery-white, malleable metal; at low temperatures it is less dense grey α-tin, which has the diamond cubic structure. Metallic tin does not easily oxidize in air and water. The first tin alloy used on a large scale was bronze, made of 1⁄8 tin and 7⁄8 copper (12.5% and 87.5% respectively), from as early as 3000 BC. After 600 BC, pure metallic tin was produced. Pewter, which is an alloy of 85–90% tin with the remainder commonly consisting of copper, antimony, bismuth, and sometimes lead and silver, has been used for flatware since the Bronze Age. In modern times, tin is used in many alloys, most notably tin-lead soft solders, which are typically 60% or more tin, and in the manufacture of transparent, electrically conducting films of indium tin oxide in optoelectronic applications. Another large application is corrosion-resistant tin plating of steel. Because of the low toxicity of inorganic tin, tin-plated steel is widely used for food packaging as "tin cans". Some organotin compounds can be extremely toxic. Characteristics Physical Tin is a soft, malleable, ductile and highly crystalline silvery-white metal. When a bar of tin is bent a crackling sound known as the "tin cry" can be heard from the twinning of the crystals. This trait is shared by indium, cadmium, zinc, and mercury in its solid state. Tin melts at about 232 °C (450 °F), the lowest in group 14. The melting point is further lowered to 177.3 °C (351.1 °F) for 11 nm particles. β-tin, also called white tin, is the allotrope (structural form) of elemental tin that is stable at and above room temperature. It is metallic and malleable, and has body-centered tetragonal crystal structure. α-tin, or gray tin, is the nonmetallic form. It is stable below 13.2 °C (55.8 °F) and is brittle. α-tin has a diamond cubic crystal structure, as do diamond and silicon. α-tin does not have metallic properties because its atoms form a covalent structure in which electrons cannot move freely. α-tin is a dull-gray powdery material with no common uses other than specialized semiconductor applications. γ-tin and σ-tin exist at temperatures above 161 °C (322 °F) and pressures above several GPa. In cold conditions β-tin tends to transform spontaneously into α-tin, a phenomenon known as "tin pest" or "tin disease". Some unverifiable sources also say that, during Napoleon's Russian campaign of 1812, the temperatures became so cold that the tin buttons on the soldiers' uniforms disintegrated over time, contributing to the defeat of the Grande Armée, a persistent legend. The α-β transformation temperature is 13.2 °C (55.8 °F), but impurities (e.g. Al, Zn, etc.) lower it well below 0 °C (32 °F). With the addition of antimony or bismuth the transformation might not occur at all, increasing durability. Commercial grades of tin (99.8% tin content) resist transformation because of the inhibiting effect of small amounts of bismuth, antimony, lead, and silver present as impurities. Alloying elements such as copper, antimony, bismuth, cadmium, and silver increase the hardness of tin. Tin easily forms hard, brittle intermetallic phases that are typically undesirable. It does not mix into a solution with most metals and elements so tin does not have much solid solubility. Tin mixes well with bismuth, gallium, lead, thallium and zinc, forming simple eutectic systems. Tin becomes a superconductor below 3.72 K and was one of the first superconductors to be studied. The Meissner effect, one of the characteristic features of superconductors, was first discovered in superconducting tin crystals. Chemical Tin resists corrosion from water, but can be corroded by acids and alkalis. Tin can be highly polished and is used as a protective coat for other metals, a protective oxide (passivation) layer prevents further oxidation. Tin acts as a catalyst triggering a chemical reaction of a solution containing oxygen and helps to increase the speed of the chemical reaction that results. Isotopes Tin has ten stable isotopes, the greatest number of any element. Their mass numbers are: 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, and 124. Tin-120 makes up almost a third of all tin. Tin-118 and tin-116 are also common. Tin-115 is the least common stable isotope. The isotopes with even mass numbers have no nuclear spin, while those with odd mass numbers have a nuclear spin of 1/2. It is thought that tin has such a great multitude of stable isotopes because of tin's atomic number being 50, which is a "magic number" in nuclear physics. Tin is one of the easiest elements to detect and analyze by NMR spectroscopy, which relies on molecular weight and its chemical shifts are referenced against tetramethyltin (SnMe4). Of the stable isotopes, tin-115 has a high capture cross section for fast neutron energies, at 30 barns. Tin-117 ranks one below, with a cross section of 2.3 barns, while tin-119 has a slightly smaller cross section of 2.2 barns. Before these cross sections were well known, it was proposed to use tin-lead solder as a reactor coolant for fast reactors because of its low melting point. Current studies are for lead or lead-bismuth reactor coolants because both heavy metals are nearly transparent to fast neutrons, with very low capture cross sections. In order to use a tin or tin-lead coolant the tin would first have to go through isotopes separation to remove the 115, 117 and 119 tin isotopes. Combined, these three isotopes make up about 17% of natural tin but represent nearly all of the capture cross section. Of the remaining seven isotopes tin-112 has a capture cross section of 1 barn. The other six isotopes forming 82.7% of natural tin have capture cross sections of 0.3 barns or less making them effectively transparent to neutrons, like lead and bismuth are. Tin has 31 unstable isotopes, ranging in mass number from 99 to 139. The unstable tin isotopes have half-lives of less than a year except for tin-126, which has a half-life of about 230,000 years. Tin-100 and tin-132 are two of the very few nuclides with a "doubly magic" nucleus which despite being unstable, as t.... Discover the Tin Tin popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Tin Tin books.
Best Seller Tin Tin Books of 2024
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Ralph Compton Rusted Tin
Ralph Compton & Marcus GallowayIn Ralph Compton's USA Today bestselling series, every man has a breaking point...Zeke Wolpert is sheriff of Keith County, Nebraska. He doesn’t keep the peace so much as turn a bli...
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Rin Tin Tin
Susan Orlean“Stunning . . . Truly exceptional. . . . so moving. . . . Calling Rin Tin Tin the story of a dog is like calling MobyDick the story of ...
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Tintin au Tibet
Hergé« Dans Tintin au Tibet, j’ai renoncé à toute la panoplie du dessinateur de bandes dessinées : pas de « mauvais » (...), pas d’armes, pas de combats, sauf celui de l’...
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The Tin Woodman of Oz
L. Frank BaumThe Tin Woodman is unexpectedly reunited with his Munchkin sweetheart Nimmie Amee from the days when he was flesh and blood. This was a back story from The Wizard of Oz.
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All the Light We Cannot See
Anthony DoerrNOW A NETFLIX LIMITED SERIESfrom producer and director Shawn Levy (Stranger Things) starring Mark Ruffalo, Hugh Laurie, and newcomer Aria Mia LobertiWinner of the Pulitzer Prize an...
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The Last Stand of the Tin Can Sailors
James D. Hornfischer“This will be a fight against overwhelming odds from which survival cannot be expected. We will do what damage we can.” With these words, Lieutenant Commander Robert W. Copeland...
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The Tin Can Tree
Anne TylerThe beloved bestselling, Pulitzer Prize–winning author brings us a novel filled with "emotional power" (The New York Times). "To read a novel by Anne Tyler is to fall in love...
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The Library Book
Susan OrleanA REESE WITHERSPOON x HELLO SUNSHINE BOOK CLUB PICKA WASHINGTON POST TOP 10 BOOK OF THE YEAR A NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER and NEW YORK TIMES NOTABLE BOOK OF 2018“A constant pleasu...
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Tin-Tin
Bianka WolfDieses Märchen beginnt zu einer Zeit, als die Welt der Fabelwesen noch zu der Welt der Menschen gehörte. Die Elfe TinTin muss aber feststellen, dass dies längst Vergangenheit ist. ...
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Old Tin Sorrows
Glen CookWhen his old friend Blake Peters calls in some overdue favors. Garrett feels like he’s committed himself to a corps of corpses. Someone is trying to kill Blake's wealthy, retired G...
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The Graphic Mythology of Tintin - a Primer
Tim MountfordFrom the black and white pages of a Belgian Catholic newspaper in the late 1920s to the virtual world of a 3D CGI Hollywood movie in 2011, the young adventurous reporter Tintin has...
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The Tin Roof Blowdown
James Lee BurkeIn the waning days of summer, 2005, a storm with greater impact than the bomb that struck Hiroshima peels the face off southern Louisiana. This is the gruesome reality Iberia Pari...
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One Tin Bakes
Edd KimberONE TIN, 70 BAKESBBC Good Food Best Food Books of 2020The Guardian Best Food Books of 2020 New York Times Best Cookbooks of 2020 Washington Post Top Cookbooks for 2020'A brilliant ...
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The Tin Soldier
Temple BaileyA man who wishes to serve his country, but is bound by a tie he cannot in honor break that's Deny. A girl, who loves him, shares his humiliation and helps him to win that's Jean....
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Ants in a Tin
Sara WernhamAnts in a Tin is part of the Jolly Phonics Little Word Books series. It is the first of fourteen decodable readers providing a gradual and structured start for children who are jus...
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Tintin au Congo
Hergé« Cet album (...) comporte des erreurs que je n’ai plus faites dans les aventures suivantes, car j’étais moimême plus mûr. » Hergé Envoyé en reportage dans la colonie belge (nous ...
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Tin Can Titans
John WukovitsAn epic narrative of World War II naval action that brings to life the sailors and exploits of the war's most decorated destroyer squadron.When Admiral William Halsey selected Dest...
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Tin Badges
Lorenzo CarcaterraFrom the #1 New York Times bestselling author of Sleepers and The Wolf, hailed as “simply the best” (Steve Berry) and “one of the most intriguing writers a...
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Rin Tin Tin
Susan OrleanHe believed the dog was immortal. So begins Susan Orlean’s sweeping, powerfully moving account of Rin Tin Tin’s journey from abandoned puppy to movie star and international icon. S...
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Tin God
Elizabeth HunterEverything comes to an end.Brigid Connor is a vampire familiar with ghosts. The ghosts of her past, the ghosts of her victims, and the ghosts of those she couldn’t save. Now in the...
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The Tin Whistle
Erik E. HanbergHow do you fight a war when the enemy knows your every thought?Byron Shaw is in the fight of his life. His family are hostages, orbiting the Earth in a spaceship that could be dest...
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Tintin in the Congo
Hergé“This album … contains mistakes I did not make in the following adventures, because I had become more mature.” –HergéIn 1930, Tintin is sent as a reporter to the former Belgian col...
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Tintin et les Picaros
Hergé« Je voulais que l’épisode commence lentement, que les choses évoluent en douceur (...). Il fallait que tout s’organise avec précision, car il y a beaucoup de choses, làdedans, min...
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Still Life
Sarah WinmanA Good Morning America Book Club Pick A Veranda Magazine Book Club PickA captivating, bighearted, richly tapestried story of people brought together by love, war, art, fl...
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The Bright Hour
Nina RiggsINSTANT NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER “Stunning…heartrending…this year’s When Breath Becomes Air.” Nora Krug, The Washington Post “Beautiful and haunting.” Matt McCarthy, MD, USA TOD...
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The Tin Rose
Anne RenwickAn evening escape. A clockwork poison. A race to save a love balanced on the edge. On the night they were to elope, a spurned lover returned. A gift, she claimed. But the clockwork...
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Tin Man
Sarah Winman"My favorite book of the year was Tin Man. Sparsely written and achingly beautiful...The most powerful take on love, loss and vulnerability I've read in years."A Cup of Jo Fro...
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The Steadfast Tin Soldier
Hans Christian AndersenA fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen presented with modern illustrations. It’s a story about love at first sight. When the onelegged tin soldier saw the paper baller...
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Cat on a Hot Tin Roof
Tennessee WilliamsCat on a Hot Tin Roof first heated up Broadway in 1955 with its gothic American story of brothers vying for their dying father’s inheritance amid a whirlwind of sexuality, untether...
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Tintin in America
Hergé“America … had been close to my heart for a long time.” –HergéTintin's reputation as a reporter reaches across the Atlantic ocean. So, when he arrives in Chicago during the Prohibi...
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Cat on a Hot Tin Roof
Tennessee WilliamsThe definitive text of this American classicreissued with an introduction by Edward Albee (Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? and A Delicate Balance) and Williams' essay "PersontoPers...
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Tintin in Tibet
Hergé“In Tintin in Tibet, I gave up the comic artist’s whole range of instruments: no “villain"", no weapons, no fights, except for the ones that pit man versus himself and versus the e...
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Tintin in the Land of the Soviets
Hergé“For his first trip, what seemed the most important to meat the timewas this country from which often terrifying and always extremely contradictory echoes were reaching us: Soviet ...
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Heart of Tin
Danielle PaigeEveryone knows the Tin Woodman as Dorothy's lovable sidekick, the tin man who longed for a real heart to beat inside his tin chest. This digital original novella is the fourth inst...
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Tin City
David HousewrightMac McKenzie is rich. So rich that he's left his job as a Twin Cities police officer and spends his time doing favors large and small for friends. So when an old Marine buddy of hi...
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Lily and the Octopus
Steven RowleyA national bestseller combining the emotional depth of The Art of Racing in the Rain with the magical spirit of The Life of Pi, “Lily and the Octopus is the dog book you must read ...
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Cigar Box Guitars and Cookie Tin Banjos
Authors and Editors of InstructablesCigar Box Guitars and Cookie Tin Banjos gives you full stepbystep instructions for 15 projects (and one bonus slideshow) around these classic DIY instruments. Learn the fine ...
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The Dauntless Tin Soldier
Hans Christian Andersen, Benedek Kapitány & M. R. JamesA short story by Hans Christian Andersen.