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This is a list of monarchs of Timor since the 17th century. Timor was traditionally divided into a large number of small kingdoms whose monarchs were variously known as liurais, rajas, regulos, na'i, etc. They were drawn into the colonial spheres of the Dutch East India Company and Portugal from the 17th century onwards. The succession of the individual kingdoms is only partly known from the existing literature. After the achieving of Indonesian independence the kingdoms in West Timor were phased out and eventually abolished in about 1962. In Portuguese East Timor the kingdoms (reinos) lost much of their functions after 1912, although they have persisted as ritual domains until the present. There were many chiefdoms on Timor, but according to the hierarchy among the Timorese domains, the ruler of Sonbai of West Timor, the ruler of Wehali of Central Timor, and the ruler of Likusaen (today: Liquiçá) of East Timor were three paramount rulers of Timor. Monarchs in West Timor Kings of Amabi Sebastião (before 1652–1658) Saroro Neno (fl. 1655) Ama Kefi Meu (1666-1704) Ama Kefi (1704-1725) [son] Loti (1725-1732) [son] Nai Balas (1732-1755) [brother] Balthazar Loti (1755-1791) [son of Loti] Osu I (1791-1795) [son] Slolo (1795-c. 1797) [son] Afu Balthazar (c. 1797-before 1824) [brother] Arnoldus Adriaan Karel Loti (before 1824–34) [son] Osu II (1834-1859) [brother] Mano (1860-1883) [nephew] Lelo (Nolus) (1884-1894) [son] Kusa (regent 1896–1901) [second cousin] Arnoldus (1901) [son of Lelo] Junus Amtaran (1901-1903) [of Amtaran family] Kase Kome (1903-1912) [nephew of Osu II] Jacob Ch. Kome (1912-1917; died 1976) [son] Amabi incorporated in Kupang 1917 Kings of Amakono (Miomaffo) Oenun Kono (Fahik Bere) Oenun Kono [son] Afoan Kono [son] Neno Kono [son] Sani Kono [son] Taenube Kono [son] Dom Francisco de Taynube (fl. 1702–04) [same as above?] Nai Taupah Kono (?-1722) [son of Taenube Kono] Takaip lord (early 18th century) Takaip lord (18th century) [son] Nai Takaip (?-1758) [son] Tessoy (1758–61) [brother] Usi Kenet (1761–64) [brother] Tetu Takaip (1764–65) [brother] Oenunu Amakono (1766-?) [son of Nai Taupah Kono] Manubait Lemon (c. 1800) [son] Nai Toh Kono (before 1832-1855?) [son] Oenunu Kono I (1879-1902) [son] Oenunu Kono II (1903–20) [son] Kefi Lelan (1920–34) Sobe Senak (1934–47) [great-grandson of Nai Toh Kono] Gaspar Afoan Kono (1947–62; died 1986) [son of Oenunu Kono II] Kings of Amanatun Pedro (of Batumean fl. 1642) João (of Batumean fl. 1645) Don Louis Nai Konof (before 1751–1766) Don Joan Benao (1766-?) [son] Nai Taman (fl. 1832) Loit Banu Naek (?-c. 1899) Muti Banu Naek (1899-1915; died 1918) [son] Kusa Banu Naek (1916-1919) [second cousin of Loit] Kolo Banu Naek (1920-1946; died 1969) [son of Muti] Lodeweik Lourens Don Louis (1946-1962; died 1990) [cousin] Kings of Amanuban Don Michel (before 1749–1751) Don Louis I (1751-1770) [brother] Don Jacobus Albertus (1770-1786) [son] Tubani (1786-c. 1807) [cousin] Don Louis II (c. 1807-c. 1824) [son] Baki (c. 1824–1862) [son] Sanu (1862-1879) [son] Bil Nope (c. 1870–1910) [son] Noni Nope (1910-1920) [brother] Pae Nope (1920-1946; died 1959) [son] Paulus Nope (1946-1949; died 1959) [son] Kusa Nope (1949-1962) [brother] Kings of Amarasi António I (?-1665) Dom Thomas (1665-?) [brother] N.N. (fl. 1679) [son or nephew] Dom António II (fl. 1688–1695) Dom Augusto Fernandes (fl. 1697–1703) Dom Affonço (fl. 1703) Nai Soti (fl. 1714) Dom Luís Hornay (Esu) (before 1749–1751) Dom Afonço Hornay (Ruatefu) (1751-1774) [son] Don Rote Ruatefu (1774-1802) [son] Kiri Lote (1803-before 1832) [son] Muni (before 1832) [probably son] Koro Kefi (before 1832–1853) [brother] Obe Koro (1853-1871) [nephew] Rasi Koroh (1872-1887) [grandson of Obe Koro] Taku Obe (1888-1891) [son of Obe Koro] Rasi Koroh (1892-1914) (2nd time) Isaac Koroh (1914-1923) [brother] Alexander Koroh (1923-1925; died 1944) [grandson of Rasi Koroh] Hendrik Arnold Koroh (1925-1951) [brother] Viktor Koroh (1951-1962; died 1990) [son] Kings of Amfoan Nai Toas (1683-after 1698) Am Fo’an (?-1708) Dom Manuel (1708-1718) [son] Daniel (1718-1748) [uncle] Bartolomeus I (1748-1776) [son] Daniel Bartolomeus (1776-1783) [son] Bartolomeus II Nai Toas (1783-1795) [brother] Babneno (1795-?) Jacob Bartolomeus (1800-1802) Bartholomeus III (1802-1806) Jacob Bartolomeus (1806-?) [brother] Abi Aunoni (fl. 1829) Manoh Aunoni (fl. 1832) Neno (c. 1830s) Fini Manoh Aunoni (before 1845–1850) Willem Bartolomeus Manoh (1850-1858) [nephew] Willem Sanu Aunoni (1858-1880) [son of Fini Aunoni] Anna Elisabeth Aunoni (1881-1902) [granddaughter] Willem Tafin Talnoni (1902-1914) [alleged uncle] Soleman Willem Talnoni (1915-1921) [son] Adreanus Talnoni (1922) [brother] Mutis Oil Amanit (1923-1930) Semuel Oil Amanit (1930-1943) [brother] Willem Oil Amanit (1943-1948; died 1996) [son of Mutis Oil Amanit] Semuel Oil Amanit (1948-1962, 2nd time) Kings of Amfoan-Sorbian Nai Manubait (?-1697) Mano Nassa (fl. 1728) Taiboko (before 1749) Dom Bernardo da Costa (before 1749–1753) [son] Tusala Taiboko (1753-1779) [brother] Talnoni Forisa (1779-1808?) [son] Muti Afo’an Pupu Afo’an [brother] Nobel Afo’an (?-c.1824) [son] Masu Taiboko (Usi Molo) (fl. 1829) [son] Willem Manoh (before 1844–1854) No-Feie (1854–57) [nephew] Molo Mano (1857–75) [putative son of Usi Molo] Willem Mano (1875-1885) [son] Baki Mano (1898-1909) [great-grandson of Muti Afo’an] Incorporated in Amfoan 1910 King of Belu Tasi Feto Josef Sirimain da Costa (1916-1923) [of Jenilu] Incorporated in Malaka-Belu 1924 Kings of Biboki Nai Tanesi (fl. 1761) Usi Taum Kenad Nesi Bokko [son] Tabesi Bokko [son] Nesi Tahoni [son] Usi Tehi (1854-?) Nesi Bokko (?-1916) [son of Nesi Tahoni] Tabesi Usi Ana Pah (1900-1904) [brother] Nesi Atau Kaha (Nesi Tahut Pah) (1905-1915) [nephew] Kau Mauk (1915-1940; died 1947) [descended from Usi Taum Kenad] Leonardus Taek Kau (1942-1962) Kings of Dirma Nai Tasai (fl. 1761) Hane Tae (fl. 1765) Francisco Doutel (fl. 1786) Nai Tei Seran (1836-?) Neki (Kalau Nekin?) (1880-1904) Bau Nekin (1905-1916) [son of Kalau Nekin] Incorporated in Malaka 1916 Fatin Nekin (fl. 1926–1934) Ramen Fatin Manek Fatin (?-1956) [brother] Ciprianus Ulu (1991-2005) [nephew] Herman Lam Nikin (2005-) [nephew] Kings of Fatuleu Christoffel Thaiboko (1912-1930) [son of Nai Fai Thaiboko of Takaip] Nicolaas Nisnoni (1930-1942; died 1952) [from Sonba'i Kecil] Alfonsus Nisnoni (1942-1945; died 1992) [son] Hans Nisnoni (1945-1955; died 1983) [brother] Kings of Fialaran Dom António Hornay (fl. 1726–1731) Dom Joaquim Hornay de Matos (fl. 1764–1786) Dom Manuel Ignacio Boquete (fl. 1815) Don Carel Taek (c. 1815–1858) Atok Mauk (1858-1903) [nephew] Atok Samara Loro (1904-1916) [grandnephew] Incorporated in Belu Tasi Feto 1916 Kings of Funai Lafu I (1749-after 1767) Jacob Liskoen (fl. 1797–1806) Kolo (fl. 1805) [son of Lafu I.] Lelo (fl. 1832) [brother] Lafu II (1840-1873) [grandson of Lafu I] Toh Liskoen (1874-?) [great-grandson of Lafu I] Kolan Funai (1888-1906) [son of Lafu II].... 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