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For the April 1945 invasion of Okinawa (Allied codename: Operation Iceberg), the Allies assembled the most powerful naval force in history. Since the few remaining capital ships of the Imperial Japanese Combined Fleet had been sunk or otherwise put out of action at the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the Allies were effectively unopposed in terms of major surface vessels; a single mission consisting of the superbattleship Yamato and a few escorts was undertaken, but the task force did not get within 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) of the invasion area. The main Japanese naval opposition within the invasion area came from hundreds of Imperial Japanese Navy Shin'yō-class suicide motorboats and Maru-Ni Imperial Japanese Army attack boats. Since the Japanese air arm had been equally decimated by this point in the war, the lack of trained and experienced pilots led them to deploy the kamikaze extensively in the waters off Okinawa. US Navy combat ships: 11 fleet carriers, 6 light carriers, 22 escort carriers, 8 fast battleships, 10 old battleships, 2 large cruisers, 12 heavy cruisers, 13 light cruisers, 4 anti-aircraft light cruisers, 132 destroyers, 45 destroyer escorts Amphibious assault vessels: 84 attack transports, 29 attack cargo ships, LCIs, LSMs, LSTs, LSVs, etc. Auxiliaries: 52 submarine chasers, 23 fast minesweepers, 69 minesweepers, 11 minelayers, 49 oilers, etc. Royal Navy combat ships: 5 fleet carriers, 2 battleships, 7 light cruisers, 14 destroyers Losses The smaller ships were least able to withstand damage from kamikaze attacks. 12 to kamikaze: Twiggs, Mannert L. Abele, Callaghan, William D. Porter, Pringle, Bush, Dickerson, Emmons, Swallow, Canada Victory, Logan Victory, Hobbs Victory 2 to mines: Halligan, Skylark 1 to collision: Thornton Allied command structure Naval The roles of Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas (CINCPOA) and Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet (CINCPAC) were both exercised by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz from his headquarters at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Since the "Big Blue Fleet" was at this time under the command of Admiral Raymond Spruance aboard his flagship USS Indianapolis, the force was designated Fifth Fleet. (It had been Third Fleet until Spruance relieved Admiral William Halsey in January, as part of the "alternating command" system). The ships and troops of Operation Iceberg were under direct operational command of Rear Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner aboard amphibious command ship Eldorado. Ground troops Son of a Confederate army general, Lt. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr. was one of four US lieutenant generals to die during World War II, but the only one to die by enemy action. On 18 June, Buckner was visiting a forward observation post when a Japanese artillery shell struck a coral outcropping, fragments of which struck Buckner in the chest. Command of Tenth Army passed to Marine Maj. Gen. Roy S. Geiger. United States Tenth Army (Lt. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr. (KIA)) Tactical Air Force, Tenth Army - MajGen Francis P. Mulcahy/MajGen Louis E. Woods III Amphibious Corps (Maj. Gen. Roy S. Geiger) Left beaches: 6th Marine Division (Maj. Gen. Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr.) Right beaches: 1st Marine Division (Maj. Gen. Pedro A. del Valle) XXIV Army Corps (Maj. Gen. John R. Hodge) Left beaches: 7th Infantry ("Bayonet") Division (Maj. Gen. A.V. Arnold) Right beaches: 96th Infantry ("Deadeye") Division (Maj. Gen. J.L. Bradley) Landed L+8: 27th Infantry ("New York") Division (Maj. Gen. G.W. Griner, Jr.) Allied amphibious forces Joint Expeditionary Force (Task Force 51) Vice Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner in amphibious command ship Eldorado Western Islands Attack Group (Task Group 51.1) Rear Admiral I.N. Kiland in amphibious command ship Mount McKinley Embarking 77th Infantry ("Statue of Liberty") Division andone Marine BLT (Maj. Gen. Andrew D. Bruce, USA) Transport Group "Fox" Commodore T.B. Brittain Transport Division 49 4 attack transports: Chilton, LaGrange, Tazewell, St. Mary's 2 attack cargos: Oberon, Torrance Transport Division 50 4 attack transports: Henrico, Pitt, Natrona, Drew 1 attack cargo: Tate 1 evacuation transport: Rixey Transport Division 51 5 attack transports: Goodhue, Eastland, Telfair, Mountrail, Montrose 2 attack cargos: Wyandot, Suffolk Reconnaissance section 2 destroyer transports: Scribner, Kinzer Western Islands Tractor Flotilla: 18 LSTs Western Islands Reserve Tractor Group: 10 LSTs Western Islands LSM Group: 11 LSMs Western Islands Control Unit: 7 submarine chasers: (3 steel hull, 4 wooden hull) Western Islands Support Craft Flotilla Mortar support divisions 6, 7, 8 RCM and Rocket Division 3 Gunboat Support Divisions 1, 3, 4, 5 LSM(R) Group Western Islands Hydrographic Survey Group: 4 submarine chasers (steel hull) Western Island Service & Salvage Unit 1 salvage vessel: Clamp 1 landing craft repair ship: Egeria 2 fleet tugs: Yuma, Tekesta 2 LCI(L)s 1 LCT Screen Captain Frederick Moosbrugger in amphibious command ship Biscayne 8 destroyers 8 Fletcher class (5 x 5-in. main battery): Picking, Sproston, Wickes, William D. Porter, Isherwood, Kimberly, Luce, Charles J. Badger 6 destroyer escorts 3 John C. Butler-class (2 x 5-in. main battery): Richard W. Suesens, Abercrombie, Oberrender 3 Cannon-class (3 x 3-in. main battery): Riddle, Swearer, Stern 3 destroyer transports: Humphreys, Herbert, Dickerson Demonstration Group "Charlie" (Task Group 51.2) Rear Admiral Jerauld Wright Embarking Demonstration Landing Force (2nd Marine Division), Major General Thomas E. Watson, USMC Transport Squadron 15 5 attack transports: Bayfield, Mellette, Hendry, Sibley, Berrien 3 attack cargos: Shoshone, Theenim, Southampton 1 evacuation transport: Pinkney Northern Attack Force (Task Force 53) Rear Admiral Lawrence F. Reifsnider in amphibious command ship Panamint Embarking III Amphibious Corps (Maj. Gen. Roy S. Geiger, USMC) Transport Group "Able" (Task Group 53.1) Commodore H.B. Knowles Embarking 6th Marine Division (Maj. Gen. Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr., USMC) Transport Division 34 6 attack transports: Cambria, Marvin H. McIntyre, Adair, Gage, Noble, Gilliam 2 attack cargos: Sheliak, Hydrus Transport Division 35 5 attack transports: Clay, Leon, George Clymer, Arthur Middleton, Catron 2 attack cargos: Caswell, Devosa Transport Division 36 5 attack transports: Monrovia, Wayne, Sumter, Menifee, Fuller 3 attack cargos: Aquarius, Circe, Casa Grande 1 vehicle landing ship: Catskill Transport Group "Baker" (Task Group 53.2) Commodore J. G. Moyer Embarking 1st Marine Division (Maj. Gen. Pedro A. del Valle, USMC) Transport Division 52 8 attack transports: Burleigh, McCracken, Thomas Jefferson, Charles Carroll, Barnett, Andromeda, Cepheus, Oak Hill 1 vehicle landing ship: Monitor Transport Division 53 5 attack transports: Marathon, Rawlins, Renville, New Kent, Burleson 2 attack cargos: Centaurus, Arcturus Transport Division 54 5 attack transports: Dade, Magoffin, Navarro, Effingham, Joseph T. Dickman 3 attack cargos: .... Discover the Charlie Adhara popular books. 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