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Jesse Lauriston Livermore (July 26, 1877 – November 28, 1940) was an American stock trader. He is considered a pioneer of day trading and was the basis for the main character of Reminiscences of a Stock Operator, a best-selling book by Edwin Lefèvre. At one time, Livermore was one of the richest people in the world; however, at the time of his suicide, he had liabilities greater than his assets. In a time when accurate financial statements were rarely published, getting current stock quotes required a large operation, and market manipulation was rampant, Livermore used what is now known as technical analysis as the basis for his trades. His principles, including the effects of emotion on trading, continue to be studied. Some of Livermore's trades, such as taking short positions before the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and just before the Wall Street Crash of 1929, are legendary within investing circles. Some observers have regarded Livermore as the greatest trader who ever lived, but others have regarded his legacy as a cautionary tale about the risks of leverage to seek large gains rather than a strategy focused on smaller yet more consistent returns. Early life Livermore was born in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, to a poverty-stricken family and moved to Acton, Massachusetts, as a child. Livermore learned to read and write at the age of three-and-a-half. At the age of 14, his father pulled him out of school to help with the farm; however, with his mother's blessing, Livermore ran away from home. Career In 1891, at the age of 14, he secured employment, as a “board boy,” posting stock quotes at a Boston, Massachusetts, branch of the PaineWebber stock brokerage, at the rate of $5 per week. In 1892, at the age of 15, Livermore made his first trade when he bet on five shares of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad for $5at a bucket shop, a type of establishment that did not buy or sell the stock, but instead took bets on whether a particular stock prices would rise or fall — essentially, a gambling parlor — a gamble that returned a profit of three dollars and twelve cents. At the age of 16, he quit his job, began trading full-time, and from 1893 to 1894, Livermore, nicknamed by fellow traders "The Boy Plunger" (“plunger” being a colloquial term for a reckless gambler or speculator), was earning about $200 per week at the bucket shops in Boston, much more than his salary at Paine Webber . He brought $1,000 home to his mother to repay the $5 she had given him before running away, however she disapproved of his "gambling"; he countered that he was not gambling, but "speculating". From 1895–1897, age 18–20, he accumulated $10,000 trading profits, a one thousand per cent net return in three years of trading. However, he was eventually barred by most Boston area bucket shops, because of his consistent winning. Using disguises and false names to trade only prolonged the inevitable city-wide ban. From 1898–1900, age 21–22, he continued trading with Haight & Freese, the last Boston area bucket shop which had not banned him. However, Haight & Freese gradually widened the bid-ask spread and imposed restrictive margin requirements which made it much more difficult and risky for Livermore to make money. On September 14, 1900, age 23, he moved to New York, arriving in time for a strong bull market in stocks. He traded successfully, on the long side, at Harris, Hutton & Company stockbrokers, turning $10,000 into $50,000 in five days. In May 1901, he anticipated a correction and went short, using 400% margin. He lost his entire stake, as the ticker tape was not updated fast enough to make current trading decisions. He borrowed $2,000 from Ed Hutton and moved to St. Louis, where he was not known, and went back to betting at bucket shops. His first big win came in 1901 at the age of 24 when he bought stock in Northern Pacific Railway. He turned $10,000 into $500,000. In 1906, he vacationed in Palm Beach, Florida, at the club of Edward R. Bradley. While on vacation, at the direction of Thomas W. Lawson, he took a massive short position in Union Pacific Railroad the day before the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, leading to a $250,000 profit. Some time later, Livermore went long on the stock; however, his friend, and owner of the brokerage house in which he did most of his trading, Edward Francis Hutton, erroneously convinced Livermore to close his position, and he wound up losing $40,000. In the Panic of 1907, Livermore's huge short positions made him $1 million in a single day. However, his mentor, J. P. Morgan, who had bailed out the entire New York Stock Exchange during the crash, requested him to refrain from further short selling. Livermore agreed and instead, profited from the rebound, boosting his net worth to $3 million. He bought a $200,000 yacht, a rail car, and an apartment on the Upper West Side. He joined exclusive clubs and had mistresses. In 1908, he listened to advice from cotton trader Theodore H. "Teddy" Price, who told him to buy cotton, while Price secretly sold. He went bankrupt but was able to recover all of his losses. In 1915, he filed bankruptcy again. Following the end of World War I, Livermore secretly cornered the market in cotton. It was only interception by President Woodrow Wilson, prompted by a call from the United States Secretary of Agriculture, who asked him to the White House for a discussion that stopped his move. He agreed to sell back the cotton at break-even, thus preventing a troublesome rise in the price of cotton. When asked why he had cornered the cotton market, Livermore replied, "To see if I could, Mr. President." In 1924–1925, he engaged in market manipulation, making $10 million trading wheat and corn in a battle with Arthur W. Cutten and engineering a short squeeze on the stock of Piggly Wiggly. In early 1929, he amassed huge short positions, using more than 100 stockbrokers to hide what he was doing. By the spring, he was down over $6 million on paper. However, upon the Wall Street Crash of 1929, he netted approximately $100 million. Following a series of newspaper articles declaring him the "Great Bear of Wall Street", he was blamed for the crash by the public and received death threats, leading him to hire an armed bodyguard. His second divorce in 1932, the non-fatal shooting of his son by his wife in 1935, and a lawsuit from his Russian mistress led to a decline in his mental health, while the creation of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in 1934 imposed new rules that affected his trading. Although it is unknown exactly how it happened, he eventually lost his fortune and filed bankruptcy for the third time in 1934, listing assets of $84,000 and debts of $2.5 million. He was suspended as a member of the Chicago Board of Trade on March 7, 1934. In 1937, he paid off his $800,000 tax bill. In 1939, he opened a financial advisory business, selling a technical analysis system. Personal life One of Livermore's .... Discover the Edwin Lefevre Roger Lowenstein popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Edwin Lefevre Roger Lowenstein books.