Robert J Sternberg Judith Gluck Popular Books

Robert J Sternberg Judith Gluck Biography & Facts

Wisdom, sapience, or sagacity is the ability to contemplate and act productively using knowledge, experience, understanding, common sense, and insight. Wisdom is associated with attributes such as unbiased judgment, compassion, experiential self-knowledge, self-transcendence, and non-attachment, and virtues such as ethics and benevolence. Wisdom has been defined in many different ways, and there are several distinct approaches to assessing the characteristics attributed to wisdom. Definitions The Oxford English Dictionary defines wisdom as "Capacity of judging rightly in matters relating to life and conduct; soundness of judgment in the choice of means and ends; sometimes, less strictly, sound sense, esp. in practical affairs: opp. to folly;" also "Knowledge (esp. of a high or abstruse kind); enlightenment, learning, erudition." Charles Haddon Spurgeon defined wisdom as "the right use of knowledge". Robert I. Sutton and Andrew Hargadon defined the "attitude of wisdom" as "acting with knowledge while doubting what one knows". In social and psychological sciences, several distinct approaches to wisdom exist, along with techniques of operationalization and measurement of wisdom as a psychological construct. Wisdom is the capacity to have foreknowledge of something, to know the consequences (positive and negative) of the available courses of action, and take the best of the available options. Mythological perspectives History The ancient Greeks considered wisdom to be an important virtue, personified as the goddesses Metis and Athena. Metis was the first wife of Zeus, who, according to Hesiod's Theogony, had devoured her pregnant; Zeus earned the title of Mêtieta ("The Wise Counselor") after that, as Metis was the embodiment of wisdom, and he gave birth to Athena, who is said to have sprung from his head. Athena was portrayed as strong, fair, merciful, and chaste. Apollo was also considered a god of wisdom, designated as the conductor of the Muses (Musagetes), who were personifications of the sciences and of the inspired and poetic arts. According to Plato in his Cratylus, the name of Apollo could also mean "ballon" (archer) and "omopoulon" (unifier of poles [divine and earthly]), since this god was responsible for divine and true inspirations, thus considered an archer who was always right in healing and oracles: "he is an ever-darting archer". Apollo prophesied through the priestesses (Pythia) in the Temple of Apollo (Delphi), where the aphorism "know thyself" (gnōthi seauton) was inscribed (one of the Delphic maxims). He was contrasted with Hermes, who was related to the sciences and technical wisdom, and, in the first centuries after Christ, was associated with Thoth in an Egyptian syncretism, under the name Hermes Trimegistus. Greek tradition recorded the earliest introducers of wisdom in the Seven Sages of Greece. To Socrates and Plato, philosophy was literally the love of wisdom (philo-sophia). This permeates Plato's dialogues; in The Republic the leaders of his proposed utopia are philosopher kings who understand the Form of the Good and possess the courage to act accordingly. Aristotle, in Metaphysics, defined wisdom as understanding why things are a certain way (causality), which is deeper than merely knowing things are a certain way. He was the first to make the distinction between phronesis and sophia. According to Plato and Xenophon, the Pythia of the Delphic Oracle answered the question "who is the wisest man in Greece?" by stating Socrates was the wisest. According to Plato's Apology, Socrates decided to investigate the people who might be considered wiser than him, concluding they lacked true knowledge: This became immortalized in the phrase "I know that I know nothing" an aphorism suggesting that it is wise to recognize one's own ignorance and to value epistemic humility. The ancient Romans also valued wisdom, which was personified as Minerva or Pallas. She also represents skillful knowledge and the virtues, especially chastity. Her symbol was the owl, which is still a popular representation of wisdom, because it can see in darkness. She was said to have been born from Jupiter's forehead. Buddhist traditions provide comprehensive guidance on how to develop wisdom. In the Inuit tradition, developing wisdom was one of the aims of teaching. An Inuit Elder said that a person became wise when they could see what needed to be done and do it successfully without being told what to do. In many cultures, the name for third molars, which are the last teeth to grow, is etymologically linked with wisdom, as in the English wisdom tooth. This nickname originated from the classical tradition—the Hippocratic writings used the term sóphronistér (in Greek, related to the meaning of moderation or teaching a lesson), and in Latin dens sapientiae (wisdom tooth). Educational perspectives Public schools in the U.S. sometimes nod at "character education" which would include training in wisdom. Nicholas Maxwell, a philosopher in the United Kingdom, believes academia ought to alter its focus from the acquisition of knowledge to seeking and promoting wisdom. This he defines as the capacity to realize what is of value in life, for oneself and others. He teaches that new knowledge and technological know-how increase our power to act. Without wisdom though, Maxwell claims this new knowledge may cause human harm as well as human good. He argues that the pursuit of knowledge is indeed valuable and good, but that it should be considered a part of the broader task of improving wisdom. Psychological perspectives Psychologists have begun to gather data on commonly held beliefs or folk theories about wisdom. Initial analyses indicate that although "there is an overlap of the implicit theory of wisdom with intelligence, perceptiveness, spirituality, and shrewdness, it is evident that wisdom is an expertise in dealing with difficult questions of life and adaptation to the complex requirements." The field of psychology has also developed explicit theories and empirical research on the psychological processes underlying wisdom. Opinions on the psychological definition of wisdom vary, but there is some consensus that critical to wisdom are certain meta-cognitive processes that afford life reflection and judgment about critical life matters. These processes include recognizing the limits of one's own knowledge, acknowledging uncertainty and change, attention to context and the bigger picture, and integrating different perspectives of a situation. Cognitive scientists suggest that wisdom requires coordinating such reasoning processes for insight into managing one's life. Reasoning of this sort is both theoretically and empirically distinct from general (fluid or crystallized) intelligence. Researchers have shown empirically that wise reasoning is distinct from IQ. Baltes and colleagues defined wisdom as "the ability to deal with the contradictions of a specific situation and to as.... Discover the Robert J Sternberg Judith Gluck popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Robert J Sternberg Judith Gluck books.

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    Ines Johnson

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    The Honeymoon Homicide

    J. R. Mathis & Susan Mathis

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    W.J. May

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    Pride and Prejudice

    Jane Austen

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    Dream Psychology

    Sigmund Freud

    An Apple Books Classic edition. Written by the founding father of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud’s 1899 book is the definitive text on learning to interpret dreams. Freud’s groundbr...

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    Salvation

    Meghan O'Flynn

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    Linda Seed

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    Melody Grace

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    Jean Oram

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    Cassandra Dean

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    Coffee Girl

    Sophie Sinclair

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    Kathryn Shay

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    The Stoic Mind

    Addy Osmani & GoLimitlesss

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    How to Choose a Guy in 10 Days

    Lila Monroe

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    The Art of War

    Sun Tzu

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    Lexy Timms

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    Colleen Hoover

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    Arthur Conan Doyle

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    Carrie Lomax

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    Alpha

    Sybil Bartel

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    Lexy Timms

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    His Girl Next Door

    Khardine Gray

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    Jon Hill

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    The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

    L. Frank Baum

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    Never Enough

    Lexy Timms

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    Meditations

    Emperor of Rome Marcus Aurelius

    Meditations is a series of personal writings by Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor 161–180 CE, setting forth his ideas on Stoic philosophy.

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    Death at Hazel House

    Betty Rowlands

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    Enemies With Benefits

    Roxie Noir

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    A Bookshop to Die For

    M.P. Black

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    The Holy Bible - King James Version

    King James

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    Lexy Timms

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    Assisting the Bosshole

    Kristin MacQueen

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    Caught Up with the Captain

    Kait Nolan

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    Always Yours

    Claire Raye

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    Good Guy

    Kate Meader

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    Once Upon A One-Night Stand

    Zoey Locke

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    Silver Santa

    Lacey Silks

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    The Count of Monte Cristo

    Alexandre Dumas

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    Emily Brontë

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    The Next Girl

    Carla Kovach

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    Become A Better Version of Yourself

    Ben Leighton

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    Escape, A New Life

    David J Antocci

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    The Four Loves

    C. S. Lewis

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    Teased by Fire

    Molly O'Hare

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    The Seduction Series Boxset

    Roxy Sloane

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    The Scarlet Letter

    Nathaniel Hawthorne

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    Saltwater Cove

    Amelia Addler

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    Hot Off the Press

    Lexy Timms

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    Nothing to Hide

    Scarlett Finn

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    The Odyssey

    Homer

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