Alberto H F Laender Barbara Pernici Ee P Popular Books
Alberto H F Laender Barbara Pernici Ee P Biography & Facts
Property Graphs The data model of "property graphs" or "attributed graphs " has emerged since the early 2000s as a common denominator of various models of graph-oriented databases. It can be defined informally as follows: In computer science terms, a property graph is a data structure representing entities associated by directed relationships, where the nodes and relations can both include multiple attributes / properties In terms of graph theory, a property graph is a directed multigraph , whose vertices/nodes represent the entities of the corresponding data structure Properties take the form of key-value pairs, as used for example in JSON. Keys are defined by character strings. Values are either numeric or also character strings. These properties fall within the usual definition of attributes as understood in entity-attribute-value or object-oriented modeling. This is why the phrase "attributed graph" is relevant. Unlike what is the case with RDF graphs, properties are not arcs of the graph proper. This is another reason why it would be preferable to call them attributed graphs, or graphs with properties, rather than "property graphs", which is misleading. Relationships are represented by arcs of the graph. These are often called edges, even though, strictly speaking, edges belong in undirected graphs. Arcs must have an identifier, a source node and a target node, and may have one or more attributes/properties in the previous sense Formal definition Building upon widely adopted definitions, a property graph/attributed graph can be defined by a 7-tuple (N , A, P, V, α, κ {\displaystyle \kappa } , π), where N is the set of nodes / vertices of the graph A is the set of arcs (directed edges) of the graph K is a set of keys, taken from a countable set, defining the nature of attributes/properties V is a set of values, to be associated with these keys in order to define full-fledged attributes α : A → N × N {\displaystyle \alpha \colon A\to N\times N} is a total function, defining the multigraph proper. For a ∈ A, u∈ N, v ∈ N, α (a) = (u, v) means that a is an arc of the graph having node u for origin and node v for target κ {\displaystyle \kappa } is a binary relation over (A∪N) and K (formally defined as a subset of the cartesian product (A∪N)×K ), associating zero, one or several keys to each arc and node of the graph π : κ → V {\displaystyle \pi \colon \kappa \to V} is a partial function, providing values for the properties of the nodes and the arcs which include them. For u ∈ N, a ∈ A and k ∈ K, π (u, k) (respectively π (a, k)) is the value associated with the property key k for the node u, (respectively the arc a), if the corresponding attribute property is defined there. A complementary construct, used in several implementations of property graphs with commercial graph databases, is that of labels, which can be associated both with nodes and arcs of the graph. Labels have a practical rather than theoretical justification, as they were originally intended for users of Entity-Relationship models and relational databases, to facilitate the import of their legacy data sets into graph databases :. labels make it possible to associate the same identifier (that of the relational table, or of the ER entity) to all graph nodes which would correspond to the different rows of this relational table, or to instances of the same generic entity / class. With the proposed definition, these labels could in fact be viewed as attributes defined only by a key, without an associated value (this is why κ {\displaystyle \kappa } is defined separately as a binary relation, and π as a partial function). The basic definition thus becomes much clearer, simpler, and satisfies a principle of parsimony. Alternatively, and more consistently, labels can be defined through type graphs, as special types associated with nodes and arcs. Relations with other models Graph theory and classical graph algorithmics Attributed graphs, as defined above, are especially useful and relevant in that they provide an "umbrella" hypernymic concept ( i.e. common generalization) for several key graph-theoretic models, which have long-since been widely used in classical graph algorithms Labeled graphs associate labels to each vertex and/or edge of a graph. Matched with attributed graphs, these labels would correspond to attributes comprising only a key, taken from a countable set (typically a character string, or an integer) Colored graphs, as used in classical graph coloring problems, are but special cases of labeled graphs, whose labels are defined on a finite set of keys, matched to colors. Weighted graphs associate a numerical value to arcs/edges, and, when relevant, to the vertices of a directed or undirected graph. These weights/valuations would correspond to the differents values of a set of attributes with the same key. As an example, for a graph modeling a road network, we could have a set of weights corresponding to the capacities (measured in number of vehicles per unit of time), and another representing the distances, these two valuations being associated with each road segment represented by an edge of the graph, and differentiated by two corresponding keys. Flow networks are weighted graphs whose weights are interpreted as a capacities. They are used in all kinds of very classical models of transport networks, used e.g. with maximum flow algorithms. Shortest path problems, as solved by very classical algorithms (like Dijkstra's algorithm), operate on weighted graphs for which the weights correspond to distances, real or virtual. Knowledge graphs and RDF graphs Knowledge graphs, usually represented as RDF graphs, are in fact hybrid labeled graphs, whose node labels correspond to instance identifiers ( IRI)s or literals, and edge labels identify types (not instances) of predicates. They have now acquired a visibility which tends to obscure the longer-established use of graphs as direct model for systems of all kinds. Attributed graphs are, by their versatility and expressivity, the best-adapted for this type of modeling, where graphs which can rightly be called cyber-physical do not merely capture weakly structured about a physical system, as would be the case with a knowledge graph, but attempt to directly capture the structure of a physical system, as matched by the connectivity structure of the graph. In contrast, an RDF graph would mix structural relationships with attached properties, and category / class information with instance / individuals, drowning out the structure The expressivity of attributed graphs, on the level of higher order logic, is also far above t.... Discover the Alberto H F Laender Barbara Pernici Ee P popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Alberto H F Laender Barbara Pernici Ee P books.
Best Seller Alberto H F Laender Barbara Pernici Ee P Books of 2024
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The Girls on Chalk Hill
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Anna Karenina
Leo TolstoyAn Apple Books Classic edition. “Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.” Thus begins what many consider the world’s greatest novel. Leo Tolst...
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Become A Better Version of Yourself
Ben LeightonThis ebook contains golden nuggets on how to motivate, inspire and improve your current situation. It encompasses the holistic view of self improvement from mental& emotion...
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Beautiful Darkness
Autumn GazeYou can have anything you want in life... You just can't have everything you want... Gareth is Fae. Sort of. His mother was a Nymph, and with that cross, he finds himself to b...
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Boy Toy
S. E. LundTate McNaughton. 24 years old. Gorgeous. An artist independenly wealthy and the heir to a huge fortune. He's way too hot for my own good and seems intent on doing eve...
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Pride and Prejudice
Jane AustenAn Apple Books Classic edition. Jane Austen’s beloved classic opens with this witty and very memorable line: “It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possessio...
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The Grumpy Dinosaur
Michael GordonEmotions & Feelings Series Book 2 A little Dinosaur gets annoyed easily, sometimes for no reason at all! Anger is a normal, healthy emotion. It's OK to feel a...
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Her Texas Ex
Katherine GarberaShe couldn't forget him, even if she tried... When Amelia Corbyn was a vulnerable teen, she found out she wasn’t a Corbyn by blood. Her biological father was a legendary count...
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Dracula
Bram StokerAn Apple Books Classic edition. Few characters have seized readers’ imaginations quite like Count Dracula of Transylvania, the hero of Bram Stoker’s classic. The 1897 novel put vam...
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Collided
Portia MooreAlex I want Madison the moment I lay eyes on her. But I’ve got my work cut out for me because someone before me broke her heart and destroyed her trust. She's my friend, that&...
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Mischief after Midnight
Jennifer BernardBartender Toni Del Rey is the quickwitted queen of the Olde Salt Saloon, famous for trading barbs with grizzled fishermen and putting rowdy customers in their place. Independent an...
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Opal
Freya BarkerWhen Opal goes undercover in a youth center several teenagers have disappeared from, she’s shocked to find a ghost of her own traumatic past at the helm. However, her worry for the...
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Dream Psychology
Sigmund FreudAn Apple Books Classic edition. Written by the founding father of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud’s 1899 book is the definitive text on learning to interpret dreams. Freud’s groundbr...
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Meditations
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Wormwood Abbey
Christina BaehrAs a Victorian clergyman's daughter, Edith Worms has seen everything until a mythical salamander tumbles out of the fireplace into her lap. When a letter arrives from estrang...
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Wuthering Heights
Emily BrontëAn Apple Books Classic edition. If you’ve only ever seen Wuthering Heights on screen, you may have an image of Catherine and Heathcliff as the ultimate starcrossed lovers. But that...
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Ice Crown
Kay L MoodyThe competition could save her life... But only if she wins. Talise can manipulate the elements with ease. Water, air, earth, and fire all bend to her will. As a citizen of the Sto...
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Destined Magic
Ruby RaineI'm twentyeight, still single, no career, just inherited a mansion filled with magical secrets, three cats, plus a demon hellbent on killing kill me because supposedly, I'...
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Tongue Twisters for Kids
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The Odyssey
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The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes
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Against the Boards
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The Next Girl
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Imperfect Chemistry
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The Duke Who Knew Too Much
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Love Notes
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The Count of Monte Cristo
Alexandre DumasAn Apple Books Classic edition. Alexandre Dumas’ classic paints a portrait of Edmond Dantès, a dark and calculating man who is willing to wait years to exact his perfect plan for r...
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The Cottage on Nantucket
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Frankenstein
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When the Night is Over
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Doubly Claimed
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The Secret Diary of an Arranged Marriage
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You Are Kind
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Finding Cinderella
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Silver Hunter
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The Good Knight
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Silent Scream
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Through the Looking-Glass
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Secrets of the Cottage by the Sea
Rebecca Alexander‘Heartwrenching… a delightful page turner’ ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ ‘I loved this’ ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ ‘Absolutely spectacular’ ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ ‘Heartbreaking… stunning’ ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐   As Ellie stood on the boat, watching...
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Close to the Ridge
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The Holy Bible - King James Version
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Protect Me
Margaret WatsonPolice officer Mia Donovan is studying for the detective's exam when her captain offers her an assignment – be Finn O'Rourke's personal bodyguard for the next three ...
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A Tempest of Discovery
Sarah M. Cradit“Absolutely riveting!” "Cradit's delivery of mystery and intrigue is flawless." "Be still my heart. Nicolas Deschanel is back and better than ever." “A mus...
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The Art of War
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Holy Bible
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day SaintsThe 2013 edition of the Holy Bible contains all of the study aids contained in the 1979 edition and includes revisions to the study aids, several new photos, updated maps, and adju...
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The Great Gatsby
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Sunrise at Crystal Bay
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Knock Knock
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Serendipity
Carly PhillipsHe’s from the wrong side of the tracks. She lived in the house on the hill. Now their fortunes have reversed…but their longago attraction still burns. From high school golden girl ...
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Little Women
Louisa May AlcottAn Apple Books Classic edition. Meet the Marches! Louisa May Alcott’s classic introduces us to four unforgettable sisters: beautiful Meg, tomboyish Jo, delicate Beth, and Amy, the ...