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Agriculture is a significant sector in California's economy, producing nearly US$50 billion in revenue in 2018. There are more than 400 commodity crops grown across California, including a significant portion of all fruits, vegetables, and nuts in the United States. In 2017, there were 77,100 unique farms and ranches in the state, operating across 25.3 million acres (10,200,000 hectares) of land. The average farm size was 328 acres (133 ha), significantly less than the average farm size in the U.S. of 444 acres (180 ha). Because of its scale, and the naturally arid climate, the agricultural sector uses about 40 percent of California's water consumption. The agricultural sector is also connected to other negative environmental and health impacts, including being one of the principal sources of water pollution. Value The table below shows the top 21 commodities, by dollar value, produced in California in 2017. Between 2016 and 2017, there were increases by more than 2% in total value for the following crops: almonds, dairy, grapes and cattle. The largest increase was seen in almond sales, which increased by 10.9% from 2016 to 2017, due to both increases in crop volume produced and the average market price for a pound of almonds. Dairy sales increased 8.2% from 2016 to 2017 due to an increase in the average price for milk, despite a slight decrease in total milk production. Grape sales increased by 3.1% from 2016 to 2017 due to an increase in price per ton of grape (from $832 per short ton ($917/t) in 2016 to $847 per short ton ($934/t) in 2017). Cattle sales also increased by 2.7% from 2016 to 2017. Specific crops Alfalfa Orloff et al., 2009 find § Glyphosate use in this crop is driving resistance here.: 230  Almonds Almonds contribute a mean of 0.77 pounds N 2 O − N {\displaystyle {\ce {N2O-N}}} emissions per acre per year in Mediterranean agriculture systems. Apple The Fuji variety is a recent import from Fujisaki, Aomori, Japan. Introduced in the 1980s, it quickly became the most produced apple here. For a common disease and treatment see § Fire Blight and § Streptomycin. Apricot For a common pest see § Cucumber Beetle. Avocados California farms produce 90% of all U.S.-grown avocados, with the great majority being of the Hass variety. In 2021 the state harvest was 135,500 short tons (122,900 t) on 46,700 acres (18,900 ha) for a yield of 2.9 short tons per acre (6.5 t/ha), and at $2,430 per short ton ($2,679/t) that brought $327,369,000. Drought and heat can significantly reduce the harvest in some years. The Polyphagous Shothole Borer and the associated disease it carries have been a great concern here since their discovery on home avocado trees in LA County in 2012. Immediately eradication and quarantine efforts were instituted, and are continuing. (See § Polyphagous shot hole borer below.) For two invasive pests which have significantly reduced grower earnings see § Avocado Thrips and § Persea Mite. Barley Barley stripe rust was first found near Tehachapi in May 1915 on Hordeum murinum by Johnson and reported by Humphrey et al., 1924.: 9  Hungerford 1923 and Hungerford & Owens 1923 found the pathogen on cultivated barley in the central part of the state and also on H. murinum here.: 9  See also § Stripe Rust. Berries See: § Blueberry § Caneberry, including: § Raspberry Blueberry The California Blueberry Commission represents growers. UC IPM provides integrated pest management plans for blueberry (Vaccinium spp.). Broccoli Almost all of the country's broccoli is grown here. In 2021 that was 11,200 planted acres (4,500 ha), all of which was harvested. The yield was 130.0 short hundredweight per acre (14,570 kg/ha; 13,000 lb/acre) for a harvest of 1,512,000 short hundredweight (68,600 t; 75,600 short tons). There was only trace wastage. Selling at a price of $51.50 per short hundredweight ($0.5150/lb; $1.135/kg), the year sold for $631,455,000. For an invasive pest of this crop see the painted bug § Bagrada hilaris. The typical biomass of harvest residue in the coastal regions is 5 dry short tons per hectare (1.8 t/acre). This is not necessarily a waste product, as it can be useful as fumigant, see § Isothiocyanate. Caneberry Caneberries (Rubus spp.) grown here include raspberry (see § Raspberry), blackberry, dewberry, olallieberry, and boysenberry. For a common disease of erect and trailing caneberry (excluding raspberry), see § Leaf Spot of Caneberry. Cannabis Cherries The California Cherry Board is a state marketing order representing growers and intermediaries here. The USDA FAS's Market Access Program funds international advertising especially in Canada, South Korea, Japan, China, and Australia. The state produces the earliest crop in the year starting in mid-April. Lasting until early or mid-June every year, this is the second heaviest harvest after Washington. Planting density is usually about 100 trees per acre (250/ha) and the first real crop will be about six years later. Honey bees are essential to pollination for this crop. Cultivars grown here are harvested by hand with the stem (pedicel). The center of the state produces almost all the entire crop and San Joaquin County, near Lodi is the highest producing county. Many of these are Bing. As of 2022 newer Bing strains with better heat tolerance have recently been planted here as well as counties further south. Birds are common pests in cherry orchards. See § Birds in fruits and § Methyl anthranilate for a repellent. Besides Bing, Brooks, Chelan, Coral, Rainier, and Tulare cultivars are also common. Citrus The Mediterranean climate affords a lower rate of post-harvest disease than in some of the world's growing regions, similar to the Mediterranean itself, Australia, and most of South Africa.: 6  Postharvest problems that do occur tend to be mostly blue and green Penicillium spp.: 6  The Asian citrus psyllid was discovered in Southern California in 2008 and eradication and quarantine are now underway. (See § Asian citrus psyllid below.) DDT was formerly extensively used in this crop. (See § DDT.) Cotton Gossypium spp. are extensively grown in the Imperial Valley. § Pink Bollworm spread to California from its original introduction in Texas. Despite wide establishment elsewhere in the southwest the San Joaquin Valley did not suffer permanent establishment. SJV was protected by its sterile insect technique (SIT) program although neighbouring areas were continuously infested. UC IPM provides management information. California was an early adopter of Bt cotton, but at a low proportion of acreage. The SJV does not use it at all. However Bt resistance has been slow to develop here and in Arizona and in Texas. In the California/Arizona populatio.... Discover the Benito Gomez Ibanez Ian Mcewan popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Benito Gomez Ibanez Ian Mcewan books.