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Morris Tanenbaum (November 10, 1928 – February 26, 2023) was an American physical chemist and executive who worked at Bell Laboratories and AT&T Corporation. Tanenbaum made significant contributions in the fields of transistor development and semiconductor manufacturing. Although it was not made public at the time, he developed the first silicon transistor, demonstrating it on January 26, 1954, at Bell Labs. He also helped develop the first gas-diffused silicon transistor, which convinced Bell administrators to support the use of silicon over germanium in their transistor design. He later led a team that developed the first high-field superconducting magnets. Later in his career he became an executive. He dealt with the separation of Bell Laboratories and AT&T, and became the first chief executive officer and chairman of the board at AT&T Corporation as of January 1, 1984. Early life and education Morris Tanenbaum was born to Ruben Simon Tanenbaum and his mother Mollie Tanenbaum, on November 10, 1928, in Huntington, West Virginia. Tanenbaum's parents were Jewish, and had emigrated from Russia and Poland, first to Buenos Aires, Argentina and then to the United States. Ruben Tanenbaum owned a delicatessen. Morris Tanenbaum attended Johns Hopkins University, earning his bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1949. As a sophomore at Johns Hopkins University, Tanenbaum met his future wife Charlotte Silver. Their engagement was announced in September 1949, after his graduation from Johns Hopkins. Encouraged by professor Clark Bricker, who was himself moving, Tanenbaum went from Johns Hopkins to Princeton University for his doctoral work. At Princeton, Tanenbaum first studied spectroscopy with Bricker. He then did his thesis work with Walter Kauzmann, studying the properties of metal single crystals. Tanenbaum received his Ph.D. in chemistry from Princeton in 1952 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled "Studies of the plastic flow and annealing behavior of zinc crystals." Career Morris Tanenbaum joined the chemistry department at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1952. He held a number of positions during his career at Bell, beginning in the technical staff (1952–1956); becoming assistant director of the metallurgical department (1956–1962); becoming director of the solid-state development laboratory (1962–1964); and rising to executive vice president for systems engineering and development (1975–1976). Tanenbaum then moved to the Western Electric Company, where he worked as director of research and development (1964–1968), vice president of the engineering division (1968–1972) and vice president of manufacturing: transmission equipment (1972–1975). He returned to Bell Laboratories in 1975 as vice President of engineering and network services (1976–1978). He served briefly as president of the New Jersey Bell Telephone Company (1978–1980), before returning again to Bell Laboratories as Executive Vice President for Administration (1980–1984). As of January 16, 1985, he was appointed "corporate executive vice president responsible for financial management and strategic planning". Concerns that AT&T and Bell Laboratories effectively held a monopoly on communication technology throughout the United States and Canada led to an antitrust case, United States v. AT&T, and the eventual breakup of the Bell System. Tanenbaum was closely involved in discussion of related senate legislation and helped to draft the proposed "Baxter I" amendment. Following the restructuring, Tanenbaum became the first chief executive officer and chairman of the board at AT&T Corporation (1984–1986). From 1986 to 1988 he served as AT&T's Vice Chairman for Finance, and from 1988 to 1991, AT&T's vice chairman for finance and chief financial officer. Research When Tanenbaum joined the chemistry department at Bell Laboratories in 1952, Bell was a hotbed for semiconductor research. The first transistor had been created there in December 1947 by William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain. Their point-contact transistor, built of germanium, was announced at a press conference in New York City on June 30, 1948. Finding better semiconductor materials to support the "transistor effect" was a critical area of research at Bell. Gordon Teal and technician Ernest Buehler did pioneering research on the growing and doping of semiconductor crystals between 1949 and 1952. Teal's group built the first grown-junction germanium transistors, which were announced by Shockley at a press conference on July 4, 1951. Meanwhile, Gerald Pearson did important early work investigating the properties of silicon. Tanenbaum's initial work at Bell focused on possible single crystal Group III-V semiconductors such as indium antimonide (InSb) and gallium antimonide (GaSb). The first silicon transistor In 1953, Tanenbaum was asked by Shockley to see if transistors could be made using silicon, from group III-IV. Tanenbaum built on Pearson's research, and worked with technical assistant Ernest Buehler, whom he described as "a master craftsman in building apparatus and growing semiconductor crystals." They used samples of highly purified silicon from DuPont to grow crystals. On January 26, 1954, Tanenbaum recorded a successful demonstration of the first silicon transistor in his logbook. However, Bell Laboratories did not draw attention to Tanenbaum's discovery publicly. The successful transistor had been constructed using a rate-growing process, which was felt to be poorly suited to large-scale manufacturing. Diffusion processes, pioneered by Bell's Calvin Fuller, were seen as more promising. Tanenbaum became the team leader for a group studying diffusion's possible application to the fabrication of silicon transistors. In the meantime, Gordon Teal had moved to Texas Instruments, where he was essential to the organization of TI's research department. He also led its team of silicon transistor researchers. On April 14, 1954, he and Willis Adcock successfully tested and demonstrated the first grown-junction silicon transistor. Like Tanenbaum, they used highly purified DuPont silicon. Teal was able to bring the silicon transistor to production. He announced the results and displayed the TI transistors on May 10, 1954, at the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) National Conference on Airborne Electronics, in Dayton, Ohio. The first gas-diffused silicon transistor By 1954, several researchers at Bell Labs were experimenting with diffusion techniques to create layered semiconductors. Charles A. Lee developed a germanium semiconductor using diffused arsenic in late 1954. Meanwhile Tanenbaum worked with Calvin Fuller, D. E. Thomas, and others to develop a gas diffusion method for silicon semiconductors. Fuller developed a way to expose thin slices of crystalline silicon to gaseous aluminum and antimony, which diffused into the silicon to form thin multiple layers. Tanenbaum needed to establish.... Discover the Kenneth M Morris Virginia B Morris popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Kenneth M Morris Virginia B Morris books.