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Owing to sexism, women composers of Western classical music are disproportionately absent from the music textbooks and concert programs that constitute the patriarchical Western canon, even though many women have composed music. The reasons for women's absence are various. The musicologist Marcia Citron writing in 1990 noted that many works of musical history and anthologies of music had very few, or sometimes no, references to and examples of music written by women. Among the reasons for historical under-representation of women composers Citron has adduced problems of access to musical education and to the male hierarchy of the musical establishment (performers, conductors, impresarios etc.); condescending attitudes of male reviewers, and their association of women composers with "salon music" rather than music of the concert platform; and denial of female creativity in the arts by philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant. All this needs to be considered in the perspective of restrictions against women's advancement in cultural, economic and political spheres over a long historical period. Such discrimination against women composers can be considered in the context of general societal attitudes about gender or perceived roles of men and women, many musicologists and critics have come to incorporate gender studies in assessing the history and practice of the art. Some notable Western composers include: Hildegard von Bingen (1098–1179), a German Benedictine abbess, writer, composer, philosopher, Christian mystic, visionary, and polymath; Fanny Mendelssohn (1805–1847); Clara Schumann (1819–1896); Ethel Smyth (1858–1944); Amy Beach (1867–1944); Rebecca Clarke (1886–1979); Germaine Tailleferre (1892–1983); Lili Boulanger (1893–1918); Sofia Gubaidulina (1931–); and Kaija Saariaho (1952–2023). Women composers are also listed alphabetically at List of women composers by name. Before 16th century 16th century 17th century 1701–1750 1751–1800 1801–1850 1851–1875 1876–1900 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s Sonya Belousova (born 1990) Anja Plaschg (born 1990) Lucy Armstrong (born 1991) Georgia Koumará (born 1991) Diana Ringo (born 1992) Anna Appleby (born 1993) Dani Howard (born 1993) Lillie Harris (born 1994) Grace-Evangeline Mason (born 1994) 2000s Emily Bear (born 2001) Alma Deutscher (born 2005) Ellie Malonzo (born 2009) Unknown Winifred Phillips (living; born in the 20th century) Yuka Tsujiyoko (living; born in the 20th century) See also List of Australian women composers Lists of composers List of 20th-century classical composers List of women film score composers Trobairitz women troubadours Category:Women composers Women in music Notes and references Notes References Sources Citron, Marcia J. (1990). "Gender, Professionalism and the Musical Canon", The Journal of Musicology vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 102–117. JSTOR 763525(subscription required) List partially created using Grove's "Explore" function, Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed 23 September 2006), grovemusic.com (subscription required). Further reading "Women Composers". Kapralova Society. Retrieved 23 July 2013. Briscoe, James R. (ed.) (1986). Historical Anthology of Music by Women. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21296-0 Gates, Eugene (2006). "The Woman Composer Question: Philosophical and Historical Perspectives" Kapralova Society Journal, vol. 4, issue 2. Accessed 23 November 2020. Launay, Florence (2006). Les Compositrices en France au XIXe siècle. Paris: Fayard. ISBN 2-213-62458-5 The 2022 report of the International Society for Chilean Music contains information on many Chilean female composers and performers. Their data relating to women composers and performers can be searched and filtered on its database. External links International Alliance for Women in Music The Woman Composer Question a bibliography by Dr. Eugene Gates French women composers (in French) List of Iberoamerican and Spanish Women composers by Dr. Cecilia Piñero Gil "And Don't Call Them 'Lady' Composers" by Pauline Oliveros Historical Notes for collection of melodies by women composers Audio links Female Composers 19th, 20th en 21st century. Discover the Rosalind Wiseman Elizabeth Rapoport popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Rosalind Wiseman Elizabeth Rapoport books.