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Legislative Assembly elections were held in Karnataka on 10 May 2023 to elect all 224 members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly. The votes were counted and the results were declared on 13 May 2023. The election saw a final voter turnout of 73.84%, the highest ever recorded in the history of Legislative Assembly elections in Karnataka. The Indian National Congress won the election in a landslide by getting 135 seats, making it their biggest win by seats and vote share in Karnataka since the 1989 elections. The Bharatiya Janata Party and the Janata Dal (Secular) conceded defeat, finishing second and third, respectively. Background The tenure of Karnataka Legislative Assembly is scheduled to end on 24 May 2023. The previous assembly elections were held in May 2018. After the election, coalition of Janata Dal (Secular) and Indian National Congress formed the state government, with H. D. Kumaraswamy becoming Chief Minister. Political developments In July 2019, the coalition government collapsed due to resignations by several members of Congress and JD(S) in the assembly. Subsequently, Bharatiya Janata Party formed the state government, with B. S. Yediyurappa becoming Chief Minister. On 26 July 2021, Yediyurappa resigned from Chief Minister's post and Basavaraj Bommai was sworn in as the new Chief Minister on 28 July 2021. Defections before polls On 19 February 2023, BJP leader H.D. Thammaiah joined Congress along with his supporters. On 9 March 2023, BJP MLC Puttanna joined the Congress. Former Karnataka Chief Minister Jagadish Shettar quit BJP on 16 April 2023 and joined Congress the next day. Other leaders that left BJP before the polls include Laxman Savadi, M P Kumaraswamy and R. Shankar. Schedule The schedule of the election was announced by the Election Commission of India on 29 March 2023. The Election Commission declared that the provisions of the Model Code of Conduct "came into force with immediate effect" with the announcement of schedule. Election statistics Electorate The total electorate in the state were 52,173,579 of which there were 26,200,000 men, 25,900,000 women and 4,699 transgender voters. 16,976 centenarians, 12.15 lakh voters over the age of 80 and 917,000 first-time voters were also included in the total. Moreover, 555,000 voters were disabled. Polling stations The Election Commission announced 58,282 polling stations for the election, out of which 24,063 were in urban areas and 34,219 in rural areas. The commission announced that to ensure enhanced voter participation, 1,320 polling stations were to be managed by women, 224 each by youth and disabled personnel. 130,000 vials of indelible ink were supplied by Mysore Paints and Varnish for the polls. Parties Contesting   Bharatiya Janata Party   Indian National Congress   Janata Dal (Secular) Others Candidates JD(S) released the first list of 93 candidates on 19 December 2022 and the second list of 49 candidates on 14 April 2023. Another list of 6 candidates on 15 April. and candidate for Chamaraja was announced on 16 April. A list of 59 candidates was released on 19 April. On the same day, another list was released wherein candidates from 12 constituencies were replaced and support was given to other parties in 7 other constituencies. Final list of 13 candidates was released on 20 April. Congress released the first list of 124 candidates on 25 March 2023, the second list of 41 candidates on 6 April, leaving one seat for Sarvodaya Karnataka Party, the third list of 43 candidates on 15 April, the fourth list of 7 candidates on 18 April, the fifth list of 4 candidates (including replacement for Shiggaon constituency) on 19 April and the sixth and final list of 5 candidates on 20 April. BJP released the first list of 189 candidates on 11 April 2023, the second list of 23 candidates on 12 April, the third list of 10 candidates on 17 April the fourth and final list of 2 candidates on 19 April. Issues Belagavi border dispute Tensions concerning the Belagavi border dispute intensified in early December 2022 as a delegation of Maharashtra politicians proposed to travel to Belagavi district to demand the merger of some villages in Karnataka with Maharashtra, with politicians from Maharashtra making provocative statements. The border row escalated into violence after vehicles from both states were attacked and damaged in Belgaon and Pune in mid-December. The issue has resurfaced ahead of assembly elections. Leader of the Opposition Siddaramaiah has demanded the resignation of Karnataka Chief Minister Basavaraj Bommai for failing in his duties to protect the state. Corruption In July 2021, D. Kempanna, president of the Karnataka State Contractors' Association wrote to Prime Minister Narendra Modi alleging large-scale corruption in the award and implementation of civil contracts in Karnataka. In the letter, he alleged that contractors were being forced to pay a 40% commission to officials at the BJP government, cutting across departments, for projects. Congress started a campaign PayCM to widely publicize these allegations. Contractor Santhosh Patil (aged 40) who accused then-state cabinet minister K. S. Eshwarappa of harassing him for commissions committed suicide at Shambhavi Hotel in Udupi on 12 April 2022. He alleged that the BJP leader had been harassing him for commissions to clear the bills for contracts he had implemented for the government over a year ago. Eshwarappa had to resign as cabinet minister following the incident, and has retired from electoral politics. In August 2022, two associations representing 13,000 schools in Karnataka wrote to Prime Minister Narendra Modi accusing the Basavaraj Bommai-led BJP government of corruption. "Unscientific, irrational, discriminatory and noncompliance norms are applied to only unaided private schools and huge corruption is in place," the letter read. The school associations urged PM Modi to look into the allegations and launch an inquiry into the affairs of the Karnataka education ministry. In order to "expose" the ruling BJP in Karnataka, the opposition Congress party has determined to make the Bitcoin scam an election issue in the 2023 elections. When the merchandise was exported via Goa, depriving Karnataka of its tax revenue, the state exchequer lost roughly Rs 60 crore while the excise scam cost about Rs 200 crore, according to Priyank Kharge. Congress party also released a 'corruption rate card' in English and Kannada languages, alleging the ruling BJP of looting ₹1,50,000 crore during last four years. The Election Commission issued a notice to Congress over these ads asked to provide evidence to support the claims. Communal polarization According to political analysts Phani Rajanna and Sandeep Shastri, with Karnataka polls nearing, the BJP is raking up more and more communal issues to divide people and polarise the votes. This has been shown by communal tensions started by right-wing Hindutva groups on hijab, halal, azan, bo.... 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