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Ibn ʿArabī (Arabic: ابن عربي, ALA-LC: Ibn ʻArabī‎; full name: أبو عبد الله محـمـد بن عربي الطائي الحاتمي, Abū ʻAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʻArabī al-Ṭāʼī al-Ḥātimī; 1165–1240) was an Andalusi Arab scholar, mystic, poet, and philosopher, extremely influential within Islamic thought. Out of the 850 works attributed to him, some 700 are authentic while over 400 are still extant. His cosmological teachings became the dominant worldview in many parts of the Muslim world. His traditional titular is Muḥyīddīn (Arabic: محيي الدين; The Reviver of Religion). After he died, and specifically among practitioners of Sufism, he was renowned by the honorific title Shaykh al-Akbar (Arabic: الشيخ الأكبر). This, in turn, was the name from which the "Akbarian" school of Sufism derived its name, making him known as Doctor Maximus (The Greatest Teacher) in medieval Europe. Ibn ʿArabī is considered a saint by some scholars and Muslim communities. Ibn 'Arabi is known for being the first person to explicitly delineate the concept of "Wahdat ul-Wujud" ("Unity of Being"), a monist doctrine which claimed that all things in the universe are manifestations of a singular "reality". Ibn 'Arabi equated this "reality" with the entity he described as "the Absolute Being" ("al-wujud al-mutlaq"). Early life Ibn ʿArabī was born in Murcia, Al-Andalus on the 17th of Ramaḍān 560 AH (28 July 1165 AD), or other sources suggested 27th of Ramaḍān 560 AH (5 August 1165 AD). His first name is Muhammad, but later called 'Abū 'Abdullāh (mean: the father of Abdullāh)—according to classical Arabic tradition—after he had a son. In some of his works, Ibn ‘Arabî referred to himself with fuller versions of his name as Abû ‘Abdullâh Muhammad ibn ‘Alî ibn al-‘Arabî al-Tâ’î al-Hâtimî, where the last three names indicating his noble Arab lineage. And indeed, Hâtim al-Tây’î was well known as a poet of pre-Islamic Arabia from the South Arabian tribe of Tayyi (now Yemen). Family Ibn ʿArabī was of Arab descent. Some sources suggest that he came from a mixed background, whose father was an Arab descended from emigrants to Al-Andalus in the early years of the Arab conquest of Iberia, while his mother was presumably of Berber descent. In his Futūḥāt al-Makkīyah, he writes of a deceased maternal uncle, a prince of Tlemcen who abandoned wealth for an ascetic life after encountering a Sufi mystic. His paternal ancestry came from Yemen and belongs to one of the oldest Arab strains in Andalusia, they having probably migrated during the second wave of the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. His father, ‘Ali ibn Muḥammad, served in the Army of Ibn Mardanīsh, the ruler of Murcia. When Murcia fell to the Almohad Caliphate in 1172, Ibn Mardanīsh did not survive the defeat and was killed in battle, leading to his father pledging allegiance to the Almohad Caliph Abū Ya’qūb Yūsuf I. At that time Ibn ʿArabī was only 7 years old, and his family relocated from Murcia to Seville to serve the new ruler. Ibn ʿArabī had three wives. He married Maryam, a woman from an influential family, when he was still a young adult and lived in Andalusia. Maryam also shared his aspiration to follow the Sufi path, as quoted by Austin in Sufis of Andalusia: "My saintly wife, Maryam bint Muhammad binti Abdun, said, ‘I have seen in my sleep someone whom I have never seen in the flesh, but who appears to me in my moments of (spiritual) ecstasy. He ask me whether I was aspiring to the Way, to which I replied that I was, but that I did not know by what means to arrive at it. He then told me that I would come to it through five things: trust, certainty, patience, resolution and veracity.’ Thus she offered her vision to me (for my consideration) and I told her that was indeed the method of the Folk (Sufis). I myself have never seen one with that degree of mystical experience." When Ibn ʿArabī stayed in Anatolia for several years, according to various Arabic and Persian sources, he married the widow of Majduuddin and took charge of the education of his young son, Sadruddin al-Qunawi. Ibn ʿArabī also mentioned his third wife in his writings, the mother of his son Imāduddin, to whom he bequeathed the first copy of Futūḥāt al-Makkīyah. Teachers Ibn 'Arabi studied under many scholars of his time, many of them were mentioned in the ijaza (permission to teach and transmit) wrote to King al-Muzaffar Baha' al-Din Ghazi (son of al-'Adil I the Ayyubid), among the most prominent of whom are the following: Ibn 'Asakir (d. 571/1176), and his son al-Qasim b. 'Ali b. 'Asakir (d. 600/1203) Abu Tahir al-Silafi (d. 576/1180) Ibn Bashkuwal (d. 578/1183) 'Abd al-Haqq al-Ishbili (d. 581/1185) the student of Ibn Hazm. Ibn 'Arabi read all of Ibn Hazm's books while studying under him. Abu Zayd al-Suhayli (d. 581/1185) Ibn Zarqun (d. 586/1190) Ibn al-Jadd (d. 586/1190) Abu Madyan (d. 594/1197) Ibn Rushd (Averroes) (d. 595/1198) Ibn al-Jawzi (d. 597/1201) Ibn Abi Jamra (d. 599/1202) Abu Shuja' Zahir ibn Rustam al-Isfahani (d. 609/1212) Imam of the Holy Shrine in the Great Mosque of Mecca. Jamal al-Din b. al-Harastani (d. 614/1217) Ibn Malik (d. 672/1274) Students Among his most eminent students are the following: Badr al-Din al-Habashi (d. 618/1221) Ibn al-Farid (d. 632/1235) was considered by 'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi among Ibn 'Arabi's students. Al-Muzaffar Baha' al-Din Ghazi (son of al-'Adil I the Ayyubid) (d. 613/1216 or 635/1237) Zakiy al-Din al-Birzali (d. 636/1239) Shams al-Din al-Khuwayyi (d. 637/1239) Ibn al-Dubaythi (d. 637/1239) Ibn al-Najjar (d. 643/1245) Diya' al-Din al-Maqdisi (d. 643/1245) Isma'il ibn Sawdakin (d. 646/1248) Sa'd al-Din al-Hamawi (d. 650/1252) Muhyi al-Din Yahya ibn al-Zaki (d. 668/1270) who patronized Ibn 'Arabi in Damascus, and who arranged that Ibn 'Arabi be buried in the family cemetery of the Banu al-Zaki. He was a descendant of Zaki al-Din 'Ali b. Muhammad b. al-Zaki (d. 564/1169), the Shafi'i chief qadi of Damascus, who formed a powerful political alliance with the 'Asakir family (Banu 'Asakir), whose members occupied prestigious positions as judges and scholars of the Shafi'i school of Sunni law in Damascus for close to three centuries (late eleventh to early fourteenth centuries). Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi (d. 672/1273) Baybars (d. 676/1277) The First Vision Ibn ʿArabī grew up at the ruling court and received military training. As he confessed in al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya, he preferred playing in military camp with his friends rather than reading a book. However, it was when he was a teenager that he experienced his first vision (fanā); and later he wrote of this experience as "the differentiation of the universal reality comprised by that look". His father, on noticing a change in him, had mentioned this to philosopher and judge, Ibn Rushd (Averroes), who asked to meet Ibn Arabi. Ibn Arabi said that from this first meeting, he had learned to perceive a distinction between formal knowledge of rational thought and the unveiling insights into the nature of th.... Discover the Stephen Hirtenstein Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Stephen Hirtenstein Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi books.