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Neurosurgery or neurological surgery, known in common parlance as brain surgery, is the medical specialty concerned with the surgical treatment of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. Education and context In different countries, there are different requirements for an individual to legally practice neurosurgery, and there are varying methods through which they must be educated. In most countries, neurosurgeon training requires a minimum period of seven years after graduating from medical school. United States In the United States, a neurosurgeon must generally complete four years of undergraduate education, four years of medical school, and seven years of residency (PGY-1-7). Most, but not all, residency programs have some component of basic science or clinical research. Neurosurgeons may pursue additional training in the form of a fellowship after residency, or, in some cases, as a senior resident in the form of an enfolded fellowship. These fellowships include pediatric neurosurgery, trauma/neurocritical care, functional and stereotactic surgery, surgical neuro-oncology, radiosurgery, neurovascular surgery, skull-base surgery, peripheral nerve and complex spinal surgery. Fellowships typically span one to two years. In the U.S., neurosurgery is a very small, highly competitive specialty, constituting only 0.5 percent of all physicians. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, students must gain entry into medical school. The MBBS qualification (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) takes four to six years depending on the student's route. The newly qualified physician must then complete foundation training lasting two years; this is a paid training program in a hospital or clinical setting covering a range of medical specialties including surgery. Junior doctors then apply to enter the neurosurgical pathway. Unlike most other surgical specialties, it currently has its own independent training pathway which takes around eight years (ST1-8); before being able to sit for consultant exams with sufficient amounts of experience and practice behind them. Neurosurgery remains consistently amongst the most competitive medical specialties in which to obtain entry. India In India, in order to become neurosurgeon one must have MBBS degree. After obtaining MBBS degree, there are two pathways to become a neurosurgeon in India. One pathway is to do general general surgery residency of 3 years, followed by neurosurgical residency of 3 years, other pathway is to direct neurosurgical residency of years post MBBS. Most of the medical colleges and teaching hospitals in the country provide post general surgery 3 years neurosurgery course. Some of the institutes and hospitals in the country provide 6 years of post MBBS neurosurgical residency. The recognized degree in India for neurosurgery is National Board certification as Doctorate of Neurosurgery (DrNB Neurosurgery) or MCh degree awarded by medical colleges, which both are deemed equivalent. After award of degree, a neurosurgeon may practice independently as consultant in the country or may pursue further fellowship. There is ongoing debate in the country on whether 3 years are enough for neurosurgery, with many neurosurgeons advocating minimum of 6 years of neurosurgery training. Neurosurgery is one of the most competitive specialty in the country, but also has high drop out rates due to stressful exhaustive training easily demanding more than 70 hours of work in a week at high volume center. Also, that said competitive seats at times remain vacant as there are not many takes due to it being highly demanding job, similar or more pay for less hours of work in other specialty, high risk of being sued, high mortality and poor prognosis of patients. History Neurosurgery, or the premeditated incision into the head for pain relief, has been around for thousands of years, but notable advancements in neurosurgery have only come within the last hundred years. Ancient The Incas appear to have practiced a procedure known as trepanation since before European colonization. During the Middle Ages in Al-Andalus from 936 to 1013 AD, Al-Zahrawi performed surgical treatments of head injuries, skull fractures, spinal injuries, hydrocephalus, subdural effusions and headache. During the Roman Empire, doctors and surgeons performed neurosurgery on depressed skull fractures. Simple forms of neurosurgery were performed on King Henri II in 1559, after a jousting accident with Gabriel Montgomery fatally wounded him. Ambroise Paré and Andreas Vesalius, both experts in their field at the time, attempted their own methods, to no avail, in curing Henri. In China, Hua Tuo created the first general anaesthesia called mafeisan, which he used on surgical procedures on the brain. Modern History of tumor removal: In 1879, after locating it via neurological signs alone, Scottish surgeon William Macewen (1848–1924) performed the first successful brain tumor removal. On November 25, 1884, after English physician Alexander Hughes Bennett (1848–1901) used Macewen's technique to locate it, English surgeon Rickman Godlee (1849–1925) performed the first primary brain tumor removal, which differs from Macewen's operation in that Bennett operated on the exposed brain, whereas Macewen operated outside of the "brain proper" via trepanation. On March 16, 1907, Austrian surgeon Hermann Schloffer became the first to successfully remove a pituitary tumor. Lobotomy: also known as leucotomy, was a form of psychosurgery, a neurosurgical treatment of mental disorders that involves severing connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex. The originator of the procedure, Portuguese neurologist António Egas Moniz, shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine of 1949. Some patients improved in some ways after the operation, but complications and impairments – sometimes severe – were frequent. The procedure was controversial from its initial use, in part due to the balance between benefits and risks. It is mostly rejected as a treatment now and non-compliant with patients' rights. History of electrodes in the brain: In 1878, Richard Caton discovered that electrical signals transmitted through an animal's brain. In 1950 Jose Delgado invented the first electrode that was implanted in an animal's brain (bull), using it to make it run and change direction. In 1972 the cochlear implant, a neurological prosthetic that allowed deaf people to hear was marketed for commercial use. In 1998 researcher Philip Kennedy implanted the first Brain Computer Interface (BCI) into a human subject. A survey done in 2010 on 100 most cited works in neurosurgery shows that the works mainly cover clinical trials evaluating surgical and medical therapies, descriptions of novel techniques in neurosurgery, and descriptions of systems classifying and grading diseases. Modern surgical instruments The main advancements .... Discover the Alexander Hughes Bennett popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Alexander Hughes Bennett books.