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Guallatiri is a volcano in Chile with an elevation of 6,060 to 6,071 m (19,882 to 19,918 ft). It is located southwest of the Nevados de Quimsachata volcanic group; some sources classify Guallatiri as a member. Guallatiri is a stratovolcano with numerous fumaroles around the summit. The summit may be a lava dome or volcanic plug, while the lower flanks of the volcano are covered by lava flows and lava domes. The volcano's eruptions have produced mostly dacite along with andesite and rhyolite. Past glaciation has left moraines on Guallatiri. A large eruption took place approximately 2,600 years ago. Guallatiri has been active in historical times with a number of eruptions, the latest in 1960. Fumarolic and seismic activity is ongoing and has resulted in the deposition of sulfur and other minerals on the volcano. The volcano is covered by an ice cap above 5,500 to 5,800 m (18,000 to 19,000 ft) that has shrunk and fragmented during the course of the 20th and 21st centuries. Guallatiri, along with several other volcanoes, is part of Lauca National Park and is monitored by the Chilean National Geology and Mining Service (SERNAGEOMIN). Name and ascents The term Guallatiri is derived from wallatiri, which means 'abundance of the Andean goose' in Aymara, referring to the birds' frequent occurrence in the area. Other names are Punata (also an Aymara word), Huallatiri, Huallatire and Guallatire. It was first climbed in 1926 by the geologist Friedrich Ahlfeld. The volcano is considered to be easy to ascend (rated F on the French Climb grading by John Biggar) but toxic gases constitute a hazard in the summit region. Geography and geomorphology The volcano lies in the Putre municipality, Arica y Parinacota Region. It is located south of Lake Chungará and 4 km (2.5 mi) west of Cerro Capurata. The latter is part of the Nevados de Quimsachata volcano chain which includes Umurata, Acotango and Capurata; sometimes Guallatiri is considered to be part of the Nevados de Quimsachata. The older Umurata and Acotango volcanoes are heavily eroded; Capurata is better preserved. Guallatiri is part of the larger Western Cordillera, the western boundary of the Altiplano high plateau. The small town of Guallatiri is 9.5 km (5.9 mi) southwest of the volcano and is the settlement closest to it; the town has a 17th-century church and a refuge of the National Forest Corporation. Other nearby towns include Ancuta, Carbonire and Churiguaya. As of 2017 each had a population of less than 25 people. The provincial capital Putre is 55 km (34 mi) north of the volcano, and 130 km (81 mi) farther west, on the Pacific coast, is Arica. Economic activity in the area includes the Tambo Quemado border crossing, agriculture, animal husbandry, tourism and mountaineering, including ascents to the summit of Guallatiri. There are no known archeological sites on the summit of Guallatiri, unlike several other mountains in the region. Possible reasons are the continuous ice cover and the constant volcanic activity. The frontier between Bolivia and Chile runs along the Nevados de Quimsachata northeast of Guallatiri, not far from the volcano. The volcano is remote and thus poorly known. The volcano Guallatiri is 6,060 m (19,880 ft) or 6,071 m (19,918 ft) high; claims of even higher elevations appeared in past and some recent publications. It is a composite volcano or stratovolcano with a symmetric cone surmounted by a lava dome, lava complex or volcanic plug and a vent just south of it. Lava domes, lava flows, tephra and volcanic ash make up the mountain. Guallatiri rises about 1.7 km (1.1 mi) above the surrounding terrain and covers an area of about 85 km2 (33 sq mi); the total volume is about 50 cubic kilometres (12 cubic miles). Thick lava flows emanate in all directions but are primarily noted on the northern and western flanks. The flows reach thicknesses of 230 m (750 ft) and lengths of 8 km (5 mi). The lava flows have a lobate appearance even when they are heavily eroded, and display levees, ogives, polygonal cracks and blocky surfaces. Older flows have been eroded into hills. Block-and-ash flows form fans on the southern and southwestern flanks. Tephra deposits are mainly located on the eastern and southern side of Guallatiri. Tuffs and pyroclastic flow deposits occur both in the summit region and in radial valleys that emanate from Guallatiri, although some of the deposits southwest of the volcano have been reinterpreted as being reworked sediments. Apart from volcanic rocks, glacial deposits cover large parts of the volcano, and there are traces of mass failures. On the southern flank, there are two lava domes named Domo Tinto and Domo Sur; other than these Guallatiri has no lateral vents. Domo Tinto is 100 m (330 ft) wide and 100 m (330 ft) high while Domo Sur (1.5 km (0.93 mi) southwest of Domo Tinto) is 120 m (390 ft) thick and 750 m (2,460 ft) wide. Domo Tinto has a hummocky surface and resembles a pancake. There are both cold springs and hot springs on Guallatiri, indicating that groundwater interacts with the magmatic system. One hot spring is located at Chiriguaya on the northwestern foot of Guallatiri, where temperatures of 48 °C (118 °F) were measured in bubbling pools, and sinter deposition takes place. Several streams run off the mountain; they eventually enter Lake Chungará and the Lauca River. Ice Above 5,500 m (18,000 ft)–5,800 m (19,000 ft) elevation the volcano is covered with ice. As of 2017, an ice cap on Guallatiri covered an area of 0.796 km2 (0.307 sq mi) and had a volume of 0.026 km3 (0.0062 cu mi). Ice area has been retreating at a rate of 0.07 square kilometres per year (0.027 square miles per year) (between 1988 and 2017), leading to the breakup of the ice cap into several separate ice bodies. According to a 2005 study by Rivera et al., heat emitted by fumaroles may have contributed to the enhanced melting of the ice. Glacial deposits on Guallatiri cover an area of about 80 km2 (31 sq mi) above 4,650 m (15,260 ft) elevation, with lateral moraines reaching lengths of 2 km (1.2 mi) and thicknesses of 15 m (49 ft). Glaciers reached their maximum extent between 13,500 and 8,900 years ago. This is unlike the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), which peaked between 21,000 and 19,000 years ago. This is a consequence of the climate in the region, where glacier extent was more sensitive to increased moisture supply than to decreasing temperatures; presumably the global LGM was too dry to allow glacier formation. Some glaciers were still present during the Holocene, evidenced by Holocene-age Domo Tinto lava dome which bears traces of glacial erosion and is partially covered by moraines. Volcanic units are found both overlying and underlying glacial deposits such as moraines. Older volcanic rocks bear glacial striations, and volcanic bombs on the lower flanks may have been transported there by glaciers. Geology Off the western coast of South America, the Nazca Plate subducts beneath the South.... Discover the Edward Gibbon Luis Alberto Romero popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Edward Gibbon Luis Alberto Romero books.