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The historical application of biotechnology throughout time is provided below in chronological order. These discoveries, inventions and modifications are evidence of the application of biotechnology since before the common era and describe notable events in the research, development and regulation of biotechnology. Before Common Era 5000 BCE – Chinese discover fermentation through beer making. 6000 BCE – Yogurt and cheese made with lactic acid-producing bacteria by various people. 4500 BCE – Egyptians bake leavened bread using yeast. 500 BCE – Moldy soybean curds used as an antibiotic. 300 BCE – The Greeks practice crop rotation for maximum soil fertility. 100 AD – Chinese use chrysanthemum as a natural insecticide. Pre-20th century 1663 – First recorded description of living cells by Robert Hooke. 1677 – Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovers and describes bacteria and protozoa. 1798 – Edward Jenner uses first viral vaccine to inoculate a child from smallpox. 1802 – The first recorded use of the word biology. 1824 – Henri Dutrochet discovers that tissues are composed of living cells. 1838 – Protein discovered, named and recorded by Gerardus Johannes Mulder and Jöns Jacob Berzelius. 1862 – Louis Pasteur discovers the bacterial origin of fermentation. 1863 – Gregor Mendel discovers the laws of inheritance. 1864 – Antonin Prandtl invents first centrifuge to separate cream from milk. 1869 – Friedrich Miescher identifies DNA in the sperm of a trout. 1871 – Felix Hoppe-Seyler discovers invertase, which is still used for making artificial sweeteners. 1877 – Robert Koch develops a technique for staining bacteria for identification. 1878 – Walther Flemming discovers chromatin leading to the discovery of chromosomes. 1881 – Louis Pasteur develops vaccines against bacteria that cause cholera and anthrax in chickens. 1885 – Louis Pasteur and Emile Roux develop the first rabies vaccine and use it on Joseph Meister. 20th century 1919 – Károly Ereky, a Hungarian agricultural engineer, first uses the word biotechnology. In 1919, a pivotal milestone was reached with the production of citric acid by Aspergillus niger, marking the inception of the first aerobic fermentation process. This breakthrough spurred the development of technologies to ensure the supply of sterile air at a large scale, paving the way for future advancements in industrial fermentation processes. 1928 – Alexander Fleming notices that a certain mould could stop the duplication of bacteria, leading to the first antibiotic: penicillin. 1933 – Hybrid corn is commercialized. 1942 – Penicillin is mass-produced in microbes for the first time. 1950 – The first synthetic antibiotic is created. 1951 – Artificial insemination of livestock is accomplished using frozen semen. 1952 – L.V. Radushkevich and V.M. Lukyanovich publish clear images of 50 nanometer diameter tubes made of carbon, in the Soviet Journal of Physical Chemistry. 1953 – James D. Watson and Francis Crick describe the structure of DNA. 1958 – The term bionics is coined by Jack E. Steele. 1964 – The first commercial myoelectric arm is developed by the Central Prosthetic Research Institute of the USSR, and distributed by the Hangar Limb Factory of the UK. 1972 – The DNA composition of chimpanzees and gorillas is discovered to be 99% similar to that of humans. 1973 – Stanley Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyer perform the first successful recombinant DNA experiment, using bacterial genes. 1974 – Scientist invent the first biocement for industrial applications. 1975 – Method for producing monoclonal antibodies developed by Köhler and César Milstein. 1978 – North Carolina scientists Clyde Hutchison and Marshall Edgell show it is possible to introduce specific mutations at specific sites in a DNA molecule. 1980 – The U.S. patent for gene cloning is awarded to Cohen and Boyer. 1982 – Humulin, Genentech's human insulin drug produced by genetically engineered bacteria for the treatment of diabetes, is the first biotech drug to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration. 1983 – The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique is conceived. 1990 – First federally approved gene therapy treatment is performed successfully on a young girl who suffered from an immune disorder. 1994 – The United States Food and Drug Administration approves the first GM food: the "Flavr Savr" tomato. 1997 – British scientists, led by Ian Wilmut from the Roslin Institute, report cloning Dolly the sheep using DNA from two adult sheep cells. 1999 – Discovery of the gene responsible for developing cystic fibrosis. 2000 – Completion of a "rough draft" of the human genome in the Human Genome Project. 21st century 2001 – Celera Genomics and the Human Genome Project create a draft of the human genome sequence. It is published by Science and Nature Magazine. 2002 – Rice becomes the first crop to have its genome decoded. 2003 – The Human Genome Project is completed, providing information on the locations and sequence of human genes on all 46 chromosomes. 2004 – Addgene launches. 2008 – Japanese astronomers launch the first Medical Experiment Module called "Kibō", to be used on the International Space Station. 2010-Over the past two decades, a considerable focus has been directed toward creating sustainable alternatives for petroleum-based fuels, chemicals, and materials. Major players in the chemical industry, such as BASF, DSM, BP, and Total, have initiated significant projects and collaborations in metabolic engineering. Additionally, various startups have emerged with the goal of pioneering new bio-based processes for sustainable chemicals. Despite advancements in establishing large-scale processes, the overall impact on transitioning the chemical industry from petroleum-based to bio-based has been limited. For instance, efforts to engineer microbial production of succinic acid have faced challenges, leading to the termination or minimal-scale production of related research and commercial activities. Out of the chemicals listed by the US Department of Energy, only lactic acid and itaconic acid have achieved industrial-scale production. Lactic acid, added to the list in 2010 after large-scale production was established, currently holds a market value exceeding US$2.5 billion, primarily used in the production of polylactate. 2009 – Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute uses modified SAN heart genes to create the first viral pacemaker in guinea pigs, now known as iSANs. 2012 – Thirty-one-year-old Zac Vawter successfully uses a nervous system-controlled bionic leg to climb the Chicago Willis Tower. 2018-The Joint Centre of Excellence by Imperial College and the UK National Physical Laboratory focuses on advancing industry collaboration to transform high-value manufacturing into high-value products. Noteworthy progress includes the adoption of SBOL by ACS Synthetic Biology in 2016 and ongoing efforts, such as engagement with the BioRoboost project, aiming for international standards with partners from the USA, Chin.... Discover the I Glenn Cohen Norman Daniels Nir Eyal popular books. 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