Suman Fernando David Ndegwa Melba Wilson Popular Books

Suman Fernando David Ndegwa Melba Wilson Biography & Facts

Orville Blackwood (June 1960 – 28 August 1991) was a Jamaican-born British man, whose death at Broadmoor Hospital on 28 August 1991, following the administration of large doses of antipsychotic medications, resulted in wide media coverage after an inquiry into the circumstances surrounding his death. The inquiry published a report in 1993 titled 'Report of the committee of inquiry into the death in Broadmoor Hospital of Orville Blackwood, and a review of the deaths of two other Afro-Caribbean patients: "big, black and dangerous?". Blackwood moved to England with his mother when he was a child. In his 20s, he found it hard to hold down employment, became involved in petty crime and served brief prison sentences. He became known to mental health services in January 1982, following which a series of brief admissions became the pattern over subsequent years, with states of highs and agitation, sexual disinhibition and aggression. In January 1986, using a toy gun, he attempted to rob a betting shop, for which he received a three-year sentence and was sent to HM Prison Grendon, before being transferred to Broadmoor, a combination of a high security prison and a psychiatric hospital. There, several times he was restrained, placed in seclusion and administered large doses of medications in response to his behaviour. In September 1991, an independent inquiry, chaired by Herschel Prins, was set up by the Special Hospitals Service Authority. It also looked at two other deaths at the same hospital. The report was highly critical of the care received by Blackwood and it made 47 recommendations. The report identified how hospital admissions of black people were more likely to have police involvement, and include detainment and secure care. They were more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia and to be given higher doses of medication, and were less likely to receive psychotherapy. Background High-security psychiatric hospitals In 2010, The Black Manifesto found that 40% of patients at England's three high-security psychiatric hospitals Ashworth Hospital Rampton Secure Hospital and Broadmoor, were of African-Caribbean origin. These units are for those who pose a “grave and immediate danger to the general public”. Most have been convicted of serious crimes such as murders or sexual offences. Around 10% of black patients in such settings had not committed any crime. Orville Blackwood Orville Blackwood was born in Jamaica in June 1960. His mother was Clara Buckley, and he had at least one sister. He moved to England with his mother when he was a child, was brought up in South London and was later naturalised British citizen. At school, he had difficulties learning to read and write. In the early 1980s, when in his 20s, he found it hard to hold down employment, became involved in small crimes and served brief prison sentences. At the same time his mental health began to decline and in January 1982, he became known to the mental health services and was admitted to hospital. At the time he was described as "acutely disturbed, dishevelled, angry and suspicious". That year he began to hear voices and behave "in a bizarre manner" and at his admission in August of that year, he bit a nurse. A series of brief admissions became the pattern over the subsequent four years, with states of highs and agitation, sexual disinhibition, aggression and according to the hospital authorities he "lacked any insight". In January 1986, using a toy gun, he attempted to rob a betting shop and was subsequently arrested and examined in HM Prison Brixton. No mental illness had been diagnosed at that time. He received a three-year sentence and while being moved to HM Prison Grendon, he was noted to be in a state of paranoia and aggression, and at one time tried to hang himself. In October 1987, he was moved to Broadmoor Hospital, a combination of a high security prison and a mental hospital, catering for people who had committed serious crime such murders, manslaughter and sexual offences. There, several times he was restrained, placed in seclusion and administered large doses of medications in response to his behaviour. On the morning of 28 August 1991, he voluntarily made his way to "seclusion" after refusing to attend his occupational therapy session. When a group of health professionals entered his room several hours later, he became aggressive. Under the instruction of his physicians, he was held down and injected with promazine, a major tranquilliser, at three times the maximum dose as stated in the British National Formulary, and with twice the recommended dose of fluphenazine. Blackwood died almost immediately, the third black patient, after Michael Martin and Joseph Watts, to die at the hospital within seven years, under similar circumstances. The inquiry The cause of death, as given by the pathologist was “cardiac failure associated with the administration of phenothiazine drugs". The inquest verdict was “accidental death”. An independent inquiry was set up by the Special Hospitals Service Authority in September 1991, with Herschel Prins as the principal investigator. Prins was, in addition, asked to look into the two other deaths at the same hospital; Michael Martin and Joseph Watts. The objective was to investigate the circumstances that led to Blackwood's death and to assess the previous Martins and Watts' inquiry reports, with the aim to reveal any common factors and patterns to all three deaths. Unlike some of the other inquiries of the time, it was not seeking out blame and as a result encouraged staff to engage. The report Titled Report of the committee of inquiry into the death in Broadmoor Hospital of Orville Blackwood, and a review of the deaths of two other Afro-Caribbean patients: "big, black and dangerous?" (1993), it was authored by Prins, T. Backer-Holst, E. Francis and I. Keitch, and was highly critical of how the Criminal Justice System and mental health services treated Blackwood. Blackwood's history is given in the first part of the report. He was described as a man born in Jamaica and of large stature. It described his encounters with police and the several convictions for minor crimes. The inquiry noted, that in his early 20s his diagnosis varied; acute paranoid state, drug induced psychosis, acute situational psychosis, and psychotic reaction in an inadequate personality. The inquiry also gathered information from Blackwood's family, who held support in the diagnosis made by Aggrey Burke, a black psychiatrist. Noted in the inquiry was an alternative view of Blackwood by Burke, whose experience with mental illness in African and Caribbean young men led him to agree that he had a psychosis but disagreed that Blackwood had schizophrenia and posed that Blackwood was "not without insight, rather he was a man with profound insight". The report noted that apparently no one thought to ask him why he did not wish to attend his occupational therapy session that morning. On the.... Discover the Suman Fernando David Ndegwa Melba Wilson popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Suman Fernando David Ndegwa Melba Wilson books.