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The influence of Countess Elizabeth Báthory in popular culture has been notable from the 18th century to the present day. Since her death, various myths and legends surrounding her story have preserved her as a prominent figure in folklore, literature, music, film, games and toys. In folklore and literature The case of Countess Elizabeth Báthory inspired numerous stories and fairy tales. 18th and 19th century writers liberally added or omitted elements of the narrative. The most common motif of these works was that of the countess bathing in her victims' blood in order to retain beauty or youth. Frequently, the cruel countess would discover the secret of blood bathing when she slapped a female servant in rage, splashing parts of her own skin with blood. Upon removal of the blood, that portion of skin would seem younger and more beautiful than before. This legend appeared in print for the first time in 1729, in the Jesuit scholar László Turóczi's Tragica Historia, the first written account of the Báthory case. When quoting him in his 1742 history book, Matthias Bel was sceptical about this particular detail, he nevertheless helped the legend to spread. Subsequent writers of history and fiction alike often identified vanity as the sole motivation for Báthory's crimes. Modern historians Radu Florescu and Raymond T. McNally have concluded that the theory Báthory murdered on account of her vanity sprang up from contemporary prejudices about gender roles. Women were not believed to be capable of violence for its own sake. At the beginning of the 19th century, the vanity motif was first questioned, and sadistic pleasure was considered a far more plausible motive for Báthory's crimes. In 1817, the witness accounts (which had surfaced in 1765) were published for the first time, demonstrating that the bloodbaths or blood seeker for vanity aspect of Báthory's crimes were legend rather than fact. The legend nonetheless persisted in the popular imagination. Some versions of the story were told with the purpose of denouncing female vanity, while other versions aimed to entertain or thrill their audience. Some versions of the story incorporated even more elaborate torture chamber fantasies than recorded history could provide, such as the use of an iron maiden, which were not based on the evidence from Báthory's trial. Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, whose name inspired the term masochism, was inspired by the Báthory legend to write his 1874 novella Ewige Jugend ("eternal youth") Bathory also appears as the main antagonist in the novel Dracula the Un-dead, a sequel to Bram Stoker's classic novel by his great-grandnephew Dacre Stoker and Ian Holt. In the book, she is cousin to Count Dracula and was the motive behind his decision to move to London in the original novel, as she was murdering women under the guise of Jack the Ripper and he swore to stop her. The historical novel The Countess by Rebecca Johns tells a first-person fictionalized account of Báthory's life from her prison cell at Csejthe Castle. In the book, she tells her son, Pál, the story of her life, explaining her behavior toward her servants as punishment for their disloyalty. Vampire myth The emergence of the bloodbath or blood seeker for vanity myth coincided with the vampire scares that haunted Europe in the early 18th century, reaching even into educated and scientific circles, but the strong connection between the bloodbath or blood seeker myth and the vampiric myth was not made until the 1970s. The first connections were made to promote works of fiction by linking them to the already commercially successful Dracula story. Thus, a 1970 movie based on Báthory and the bloodbath or blood seeker for vanity myth was titled Countess Dracula. Some Báthory biographers, McNally in particular, have tried to establish the bloodbath myth and the historical Elizabeth Báthory as a source of influence for Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula, pointing to similarities in settings and motifs and the fact that Stoker might have read about her. This theory is strongly disputed by author Elizabeth Miller. Meanwhile, Báthory has become an influence for modern vampire literature and vampire films. The story, while retaining the essential facts, receives an imaginative interpretation in the horror novelist Syra Bond's Cold Blood. Literature Erzsébet Báthory appears as a character in the Hungarian novel Ördögszekér (The Devil's Wagon) published in 1925 by Sándor Makkai, a bishop of the Hungarian Reformed Church in Transylvania. The novel is about the incestuous relationship of Gábor Báthory and his younger sister Anna, who were adopted into the household of István Báthory, the older brother of Erzsébet. Historic novel Báthory Erzsébet (1940) by Hungarian writer Kálmán Vándor. The Bloody Countess by Argentinian writer Alejandra Pizarnik was a short Gothic work of fiction (1968, reprinted in The Oxford Book of Gothic Tales, ed. Chris Baldick). The Dracula Archives (1971) by Raymond Rudorff is a vampire novel that features Báthory. Our Lady of Pain (1974) by John Blackburn is a supernatural horror novel whose plot revolves around a play about Báthory being staged in modern Britain. In the Buffy the Vampire Slayer book Tales of the Slayer Vol. 1 (2001), she is the villain in the story "Die Blutgrafin". Ella, Drácula ("She, Dracula") by Javier García Sánchez, Spanish writer. 2002. The 2006 novel The Blood Confession by Alisa M. Libby is a revisionist portrayal. The 2007 Brazilian novel O Legado de Bathory by Alexandre Heredia. Finnish detective novel 2008 Unkarilainen taulu ("The Hungarian Painting") by Mikko Karppi. Bathory: Memoir of a Countess (2008) is a novel by A. Mordeaux. Hungarian novella Én, Báthory Erzsébet (I, Elizabeth Báthory) by Mária P. Szabó (2010). She is the main protagonist of the 2010 novel The Countess by Rebecca Johns. Báthory is the main villain in the novel The Blood Countess (2010) by Tara Moss. In the 2010 novel, Abraham Lincoln, Vampire Hunter, by Seth Grahame-Smith, it is revealed that she was a vampire. After her trial, persecution against vampires in Europe skyrocketed, driving them to settle en masse in the New World. Báthory is described as the daughter of Dracula and appears as one of the main protagonists in Modern Marvels – Viktoriana by Wayne Reinagel (2011) In Robert Statzer's novel To Love a Vampire (ISBN 978-1721227310), a vampiric Elizabeth Bathory encounters a young Abraham Van Helsing, the hero of Bram Stoker's Dracula, during his days as a medical student. Originally published as a serial in the pages of Scary Monsters Magazine from March 2011 to June 2013, a revised version of To Love a Vampire was reprinted in paperback and Kindle editions in June 2018. Character in 2013 story "The Prayer of Ninety Cats" by Caitlin R. Kiernan. In Alexis Henderson's House of Hunger (2022), she is reimagined as a countess, Lisavet Bathory, who drinks the blood of her servants. Ewige Jugend by Leopold von Sacher-Maso.... Discover the Erzabet Bishop popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Erzabet Bishop books.