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The chonmage (丁髷) is a type of traditional Japanese topknot haircut worn by men. It is most commonly associated with the Edo period (1603–1868) and samurai, and in recent times with sumo wrestlers. It was originally a method of using hair to hold a samurai kabuto helmet steady atop the head in battle, and became a status symbol among Japanese society. In a traditional Edo-period chonmage, the top of the head is shaved. The remaining hair was oiled and waxed before being tied into a small tail folded onto the top of the head in the characteristic topknot. History The origins of the chonmage can be traced back to the Heian period. During this period, aristocrats wore special cap-like crowns as part of their official clothing. To secure the crown in place, the hair would be tied near the back of the head. Between the 1580s (towards the end of the Warring States period, 1467–1615) and the 1630s (the beginning of the Edo period, 1603–1867), Japanese cultural attitudes to men's hair shifted; where a full head of hair and a beard had been valued as a sign of manliness in the preceding militaristic era, in the ensuing period of peace, this gradually shifted until a beard and an unshaven pate were viewed as barbaric, and resistant of the peace that had resulted from two centuries of civil war.: 217  This change was also enforced during the Japanese invasion of Joseon (1592–1598), where some Japanese commanders forced the submitted Koreans to shave their heads to this hairstyle, as a method of converting their identities to that of Japanese.: 222  A shaven pate (the sakayaki) became required of the samurai classes by the early Edo period, and by the 1660s, all men, commoner or samurai, were forbidden from wearing beards, with the sakayaki deemed mandatory. The style of the chonmage ("topknot") was dependent on the social status of the wearer, with that of the samurai being more pronounced than artisans or merchants. Ronin, samurai who did not serve a Lord, were not required to shave their heads. This became an easy way to identify such men.: 211  Under the Meiji Restoration, the practices of the samurai classes, deemed feudal and unsuitable for modern times following the end of sakoku in 1853, resulted in a number of edicts intended to 'modernise' the appearance of upper class Japanese men. With the Dampatsurei Edict of 1871 issued by Emperor Meiji during the early Meiji Era, men of the samurai classes were forced to cut their hair short, effectively abandoning the chonmage.: 149  Sumo In modern Japan, the only remaining wearers of the chonmage are sumo wrestlers and kabuki actors. Given the uniqueness of the style in modern times, the Japan Sumo Association employs specialist hairdressers called tokoyama to cut and prepare sumo wrestlers' hair. The sumo style of the chonmage is slightly different, in that the pate is no longer shaved. However, the hair may be thinned in this region or the crown of the head shaved, called nakazori, to allow the topknot to sit more neatly. This is done around once every two months. All professional sumo wrestlers wear a chonmage as soon as their hair is long enough to do so. Sumo wrestlers with sekitori status are required on certain occasions, such as during a honbasho, to wear their hair in a more elaborate form of topknot called an ōichō, where the end of the topknot is splayed out to form a semicircle, resembling a ginkgo leaf. The chonmage is of such symbolic importance in sumo that snipping it off is the centerpiece of a wrestler's retirement ceremony. Dignitaries and other important people in a wrestler's life are invited to take one snip, with the final one taken by his trainer. For most wrestlers who never reached a sekitori rank, his retirement ceremony will be the only time he wears the more elaborate ōichōmage. See also List of hairstyles Ji or touji, the traditional Chinese topknot Khokhol Queue, the Qing-dynasty Chinese hairstyle also involving a shaved pate Sikha References Further reading Choi, Na-Young (2006). "Symbolism of Hairstyles in Korea and Japan". Asian Folklore Studies. 65 (1): 69–86. JSTOR 30030374. Mageo, Jeannette (September 1999). "Hair: Its Power and Meaning in Asian Cultures:Hair: Its Power and Meaning in Asian Cultures". American Anthropologist. 101 (3): 676–677. doi:10.1525/aa.1999.101.3.676. S2CID 161624655. Jo, Ki-Yeu; Jung, Yeon (2001). "일본 남성의 헤어스타일 변천에 관한 연구 - 고대에서 근대까지 -" [Study on the Changes of Men's Hair Styles of Japan - from Ancient to Modern -]. Fashion & Textile Research Journal (in Korean). 3 (4): 337–343. Ito, Sei (1961). "Lovable Topknot". Japan Quarterly. 8: 473. O'Brien, Suzanne G. (10 November 2008). "Splitting Hairs: History and the Politics of Daily Life in Nineteenth-Century Japan". The Journal of Asian Studies. 67 (4): 1309. doi:10.1017/S0021911808001794. S2CID 145239880. Zhuo, Li (2015). "The Metamorphoses of the Pigtail Image in Modern Japanese and Chinese". Nankai Journal. 1: 8. Archived from the original on 2023-03-07. Retrieved 2019-12-02. Pflugfelder, Gregory M. (3 December 2012). "The Nation-State, the Age/Gender System, and the Reconstitution of Erotic Desire in Nineteenth-Century Japan". The Journal of Asian Studies. 71 (4): 963–974. doi:10.1017/S0021911812001222. Stillfried, R. "Hairdressing". Metadata database of Japanese old photographs in Bakumatsu-Meiji Period. External links Media related to Chonmage at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of chonmage at Wiktionary. 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