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Celtic neopaganism refers to any type of modern paganism or contemporary pagan movements based on the ancient Celtic religion. One approach is Celtic Reconstructionism (CR), which emphasizes historical accuracy in reviving Celtic traditions. CR practitioners rely on historical sources and archaeology for their rituals and beliefs, including offerings to spirits and deities. Language study and preservation are essential, and daily life often incorporates ritual elements. While distinct from eclectic pagan and neopagan witchcraft traditions, there is some overlap with Neo-druidism. Additionally, Celtic neoshamanism combines Celtic elements with shamanic practices, while Celtic Wicca blends Celtic mythology with Wiccan traditions. Each tradition within Celtic neopaganism has its unique focus and practices but draws inspiration from the ancient Celtic heritage. Celtic reconstructionism Celtic reconstructionism (CR) or Celtic reconstructionist paganism is a polytheistic reconstructionist approach to ancient Celtic religion, emphasizing historical accuracy over eclecticism such as is found in most forms of Celtic neopaganism. It is an effort to reconstruct and revive, in a modern Celtic cultural context, pre-Christian Celtic religions. Various groups and approaches based on different Celtic religious traditions emerged in the late 20th century in the United States and in Britain; there are also Celtic reconstructionists in Eastern Europe. The study of mythology and folklore was part of modern paganism from its inception, and while many groups focussed on witchcraft, some sought to revive pre-Christian religions. During the 1980s, some of these reacted against the eclecticism and the focus on the "spirit" of the ancient religions in favor of "reconstructing what can be known from the extant historical record". Although some Celtic reconstructionist groups only developed an online presence after their formation, the development of BBSs and the Internet facilitated the growth of the movement; A CR FAQ was collectively developed, originally online. As of 2016, Celtic reconstructionism is the third most common form of reconstructionist paganism in the United States, after Asatru (Germanic reconstructionism) and Kemetic reconstructionism. In addition to English-speaking paganism, there are Celtic reconstructionists in the Czech Republic and in Russia. In both the United States and Britain, Celtic reconstructionism became an umbrella term encompassing several sub-traditions, which vary in particular in the geographic region whose religion they aim to reconstruct, such as British, Irish, Scottish, or Welsh. Practices Like many other modern pagan traditions, Celtic reconstructionism has no sacred texts and so personal research is stressed. Many Celtic reconstructionists draw on archaeology, historical manuscripts, and comparative religion, primarily of Celtic cultures, but sometimes other European cultures as well. Celtic reconstructionists are not pan-Celtic in practice, but rather study the documentary and archaeological evidence for a particular Celtic tradition. While the ancient Celtic religions were largely subsumed by Christianity, many religious traditions have survived in the form of folklore, mythology, songs, and prayers. Many folkloric practices never completely died out, and some Celtic reconstructionists can draw on family traditions originating in customs from a particular Celtic region. Rituals are based on reconstructions of traditional techniques of interacting with the Otherworld, such as the offering of food, drink, and art to the spirits of the land, ancestral spirits, and the Celtic deities. Celtic reconstructionists give offerings to the spirits throughout the year, but at Samhain, more elaborate offerings are made to specific deities and ancestors. While Celtic reconstructionists strive to revive the religious practices of historical Celtic peoples as accurately as possible, they acknowledge that some aspects of their religious practice are new inventions informed by theories about the past. Feedback from scholars and experienced practitioners is sought before a new practice is accepted as a valid part of a reconstructed tradition. The ancient Irish swore their oaths by the "Three Realms" of land, sea, and sky; Celtic reconstructionists use the triple spiral, An Thríbhís Mhòr, to symbolize the three realms. Many also view acts of daily life as a form of ritual, performing daily rites of purification and protection accompanied with traditional prayers and songs from sources such as the Scottish Gaelic Carmina Gadelica or manuscript collections of ancient Irish or Welsh poetry. They also believe that mystical, ecstatic practices are a necessary balance to scholarship and a vital part of their religion. Some practice divination; ogham is a favored method, as are traditional customs such as the taking of omens from the shapes of clouds or the behavior of birds and animals. Language study and preservation is regarded as a core part of the tradition. as are to a lesser extent participation in other cultural activities such as Celtic music and dance. Celtic pagans have been accused of cultural appropriation and ignoring living Celtic communities, particularly because of the neo-pagan concept of "elective affinity", whereby identification as Celtic is a personal choice; Celtic reconstructionists seek to be aware of this danger and to participate in living Celtic cultures. Some took part in the protests against the proposed destruction of archaeological sites around the Hill of Tara in the course of construction of the M3 motorway in Ireland, as well as performing a coordinated ritual of protection. Some have suggested that reconstructionism brings a danger of ethnocentrism. Labels Some groups that take a Celtic reconstructionist approach to ancient Gaelic polytheism call themselves "Gaelic Traditionalists", but this term is also often used by Celtic Christians. Some Gaelic-oriented groups have used the Scottish Gaelic Pàganachd ('Paganism, Heathenism') or the corresponding Irish Págánacht. One Gaelic Polytheist group on the East Coast of the US has used a modification of the Gaelic term, Pàganachd Bhandia ('Paganism of Goddesses'). The Irish word for 'polytheism', ildiachas, is in use by at least one group on the West Coast of the US as Ildiachas Atógtha ('Reconstructed Polytheism'). In 2000, IMBAS, A Celtic reconstructionist organisation based in Seattle, adopted the name Senistrognata, a constructed "Old Celtic" term intended as a translation of "ancestral customs" in the manner of forn sed as a parallel term used in Germanic neopaganism. Relationship with other traditions Celtic reconstructionism is distinguished from eclectic, universalist paganism and from neopagan witchcraft traditions. Reconstructionist groups also differ in focus from Celtic revivalists, for whom the spirit of Celtic religion is more important than historical accuracy. Within reconstr.... Discover the Joseph Panzica popular books. Find the top 100 most popular Joseph Panzica books.